Unnamed repository; edit this file 'description' to name the repository.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
//! Transforms `ast::Expr` into an equivalent `hir_def::expr::Expr`
//! representation.

mod asm;
mod format_args;
mod generics;
mod path;

use std::{cell::OnceCell, mem};

use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
use base_db::FxIndexSet;
use cfg::CfgOptions;
use either::Either;
use hir_expand::{
    HirFileId, InFile, MacroDefId,
    mod_path::ModPath,
    name::{AsName, Name},
    span_map::SpanMap,
};
use intern::{Symbol, sym};
use rustc_abi::ExternAbi;
use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
use smallvec::SmallVec;
use stdx::never;
use syntax::{
    AstNode, AstPtr, SyntaxNodePtr,
    ast::{
        self, ArrayExprKind, AstChildren, BlockExpr, HasArgList, HasAttrs, HasGenericArgs,
        HasGenericParams, HasLoopBody, HasName, HasTypeBounds, IsString, RangeItem,
        SlicePatComponents,
    },
};
use thin_vec::ThinVec;
use tt::TextRange;

use crate::{
    AdtId, BlockId, BlockLoc, ConstId, DefWithBodyId, FunctionId, GenericDefId, ImplId,
    ItemContainerId, MacroId, ModuleDefId, ModuleId, TraitId, TypeAliasId, UnresolvedMacro,
    attrs::AttrFlags,
    db::DefDatabase,
    expr_store::{
        Body, BodySourceMap, ExprPtr, ExprRoot, ExpressionStore, ExpressionStoreBuilder,
        ExpressionStoreDiagnostics, ExpressionStoreSourceMap, HygieneId, LabelPtr, LifetimePtr,
        PatPtr, TypePtr,
        expander::Expander,
        lower::generics::ImplTraitLowerFn,
        path::{AssociatedTypeBinding, GenericArg, GenericArgs, GenericArgsParentheses, Path},
    },
    hir::{
        Array, Binding, BindingAnnotation, BindingId, BindingProblems, CaptureBy, ClosureKind,
        CoroutineKind, CoroutineSource, Expr, ExprId, Item, Label, LabelId, Literal, MatchArm,
        Movability, OffsetOf, Pat, PatId, RecordFieldPat, RecordLitField, RecordSpread, Statement,
        generics::GenericParams,
    },
    item_scope::BuiltinShadowMode,
    item_tree::FieldsShape,
    lang_item::{LangItemTarget, LangItems},
    nameres::{DefMap, LocalDefMap, MacroSubNs, block_def_map},
    signatures::StructSignature,
    type_ref::{
        ArrayType, ConstRef, FnType, LifetimeRef, LifetimeRefId, Mutability, PathId, Rawness,
        RefType, TraitBoundModifier, TraitRef, TypeBound, TypeRef, TypeRefId, UseArgRef,
    },
};

pub use self::path::hir_segment_to_ast_segment;

pub(super) fn lower_body(
    db: &dyn DefDatabase,
    owner: DefWithBodyId,
    current_file_id: HirFileId,
    module: ModuleId,
    parameters: Option<ast::ParamList>,
    body: Option<ast::Expr>,
    is_async_fn: bool,
    is_gen_fn: bool,
) -> (Body, BodySourceMap) {
    // We cannot leave the root span map empty and let any identifier from it be treated as root,
    // because when inside nested macros `SyntaxContextId`s from the outer macro will be interleaved
    // with the inner macro, and that will cause confusion because they won't be the same as `ROOT`
    // even though they should be the same. Also, when the body comes from multiple expansions, their
    // hygiene is different.

    let mut self_params = ArrayVec::new();
    let mut source_map_self_param = None;
    let mut params = vec![];
    let mut collector = ExprCollector::new(db, module, current_file_id);

    let skip_body = AttrFlags::query(
        db,
        match owner {
            DefWithBodyId::FunctionId(it) => it.into(),
            DefWithBodyId::StaticId(it) => it.into(),
            DefWithBodyId::ConstId(it) => it.into(),
            DefWithBodyId::VariantId(it) => it.into(),
        },
    )
    .contains(AttrFlags::RUST_ANALYZER_SKIP);
    // If #[rust_analyzer::skip] annotated, only construct enough information for the signature
    // and skip the body.
    if skip_body {
        if let Some(param_list) = parameters {
            if let Some(self_param_syn) =
                param_list.self_param().filter(|self_param| collector.check_cfg(self_param))
            {
                let is_mutable =
                    self_param_syn.mut_token().is_some() && self_param_syn.amp_token().is_none();
                let hygiene = self_param_syn
                    .name()
                    .map(|name| collector.hygiene_id_for(name.syntax().text_range()))
                    .unwrap_or(HygieneId::ROOT);
                let binding_id: la_arena::Idx<Binding> = collector.alloc_binding(
                    Name::new_symbol_root(sym::self_),
                    BindingAnnotation::new(is_mutable, false),
                    hygiene,
                );
                self_params.push(binding_id);
                source_map_self_param =
                    Some(collector.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&self_param_syn)));
            }
            let count = param_list.params().filter(|it| collector.check_cfg(it)).count();
            params = (0..count).map(|_| collector.missing_pat()).collect();
        };
        collector.with_expr_root(|collector| collector.missing_expr());
        let (store, source_map) = collector.store.finish();
        return (
            Body { store, params: params.into_boxed_slice(), self_params },
            BodySourceMap { self_param: source_map_self_param, store: source_map },
        );
    }

    if let Some(param_list) = parameters {
        if let Some(self_param_syn) = param_list.self_param().filter(|it| collector.check_cfg(it)) {
            let is_mutable =
                self_param_syn.mut_token().is_some() && self_param_syn.amp_token().is_none();
            let hygiene = self_param_syn
                .name()
                .map(|name| collector.hygiene_id_for(name.syntax().text_range()))
                .unwrap_or(HygieneId::ROOT);
            let binding_id: la_arena::Idx<Binding> = collector.alloc_binding(
                Name::new_symbol_root(sym::self_),
                BindingAnnotation::new(is_mutable, false),
                hygiene,
            );
            self_params.push(binding_id);
            source_map_self_param = Some(collector.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&self_param_syn)));
        }

        let is_extern = matches!(
            owner,
            DefWithBodyId::FunctionId(id)
                if matches!(id.loc(db).container, ItemContainerId::ExternBlockId(_)),
        );

        for param in param_list.params() {
            if collector.check_cfg(&param) {
                let param_pat = if is_extern {
                    collector.collect_extern_fn_param(param.pat())
                } else {
                    collector.collect_pat_top(param.pat())
                };
                params.push(param_pat);
            }
        }
    };

    collector.with_expr_root(|collector| {
        collector.collect(
            &mut self_params,
            &mut params,
            body,
            if is_async_fn {
                Awaitable::Yes
            } else {
                match owner {
                    DefWithBodyId::FunctionId(..) => Awaitable::No("non-async function"),
                    DefWithBodyId::StaticId(..) => Awaitable::No("static"),
                    DefWithBodyId::ConstId(..) => Awaitable::No("constant"),
                    DefWithBodyId::VariantId(..) => Awaitable::No("enum variant"),
                }
            },
            is_async_fn,
            is_gen_fn,
        )
    });

    let (store, source_map) = collector.store.finish();
    (
        Body { store, params: params.into_boxed_slice(), self_params },
        BodySourceMap { self_param: source_map_self_param, store: source_map },
    )
}

pub(crate) fn lower_type_ref(
    db: &dyn DefDatabase,
    module: ModuleId,
    type_ref: InFile<Option<ast::Type>>,
) -> (ExpressionStore, ExpressionStoreSourceMap, TypeRefId) {
    let mut expr_collector = ExprCollector::new(db, module, type_ref.file_id);
    let type_ref =
        expr_collector.lower_type_ref_opt(type_ref.value, &mut ExprCollector::impl_trait_allocator);
    let (store, source_map) = expr_collector.store.finish();
    (store, source_map, type_ref)
}

pub(crate) fn lower_generic_params(
    db: &dyn DefDatabase,
    module: ModuleId,
    def: GenericDefId,
    file_id: HirFileId,
    param_list: Option<ast::GenericParamList>,
    where_clause: Option<ast::WhereClause>,
) -> (ExpressionStore, GenericParams, ExpressionStoreSourceMap) {
    let mut expr_collector = ExprCollector::new(db, module, file_id);
    let mut collector = generics::GenericParamsCollector::new(def);
    collector.lower(&mut expr_collector, param_list, where_clause);
    let params = collector.finish();
    let (store, source_map) = expr_collector.store.finish();
    (store, params, source_map)
}

pub(crate) fn lower_impl(
    db: &dyn DefDatabase,
    module: ModuleId,
    impl_syntax: InFile<ast::Impl>,
    impl_id: ImplId,
) -> (ExpressionStore, ExpressionStoreSourceMap, TypeRefId, Option<TraitRef>, GenericParams) {
    let mut expr_collector = ExprCollector::new(db, module, impl_syntax.file_id);
    let self_ty =
        expr_collector.lower_type_ref_opt_disallow_impl_trait(impl_syntax.value.self_ty());
    let trait_ = impl_syntax.value.trait_().and_then(|it| match &it {
        ast::Type::PathType(path_type) => {
            let path = expr_collector
                .lower_path_type(path_type, &mut ExprCollector::impl_trait_allocator)?;
            Some(TraitRef { path: expr_collector.alloc_path(path, AstPtr::new(&it)) })
        }
        _ => None,
    });
    let mut collector = generics::GenericParamsCollector::new(impl_id.into());
    collector.lower(
        &mut expr_collector,
        impl_syntax.value.generic_param_list(),
        impl_syntax.value.where_clause(),
    );
    let params = collector.finish();
    let (store, source_map) = expr_collector.store.finish();
    (store, source_map, self_ty, trait_, params)
}

pub(crate) fn lower_trait(
    db: &dyn DefDatabase,
    module: ModuleId,
    trait_syntax: InFile<ast::Trait>,
    trait_id: TraitId,
) -> (ExpressionStore, ExpressionStoreSourceMap, GenericParams) {
    let mut expr_collector = ExprCollector::new(db, module, trait_syntax.file_id);
    let mut collector = generics::GenericParamsCollector::with_self_param(
        &mut expr_collector,
        trait_id.into(),
        trait_syntax.value.type_bound_list(),
    );
    collector.lower(
        &mut expr_collector,
        trait_syntax.value.generic_param_list(),
        trait_syntax.value.where_clause(),
    );
    let params = collector.finish();
    let (store, source_map) = expr_collector.store.finish();
    (store, source_map, params)
}

pub(crate) fn lower_type_alias(
    db: &dyn DefDatabase,
    module: ModuleId,
    alias: InFile<ast::TypeAlias>,
    type_alias_id: TypeAliasId,
) -> (ExpressionStore, ExpressionStoreSourceMap, GenericParams, Box<[TypeBound]>, Option<TypeRefId>)
{
    let mut expr_collector = ExprCollector::new(db, module, alias.file_id);
    let bounds = alias
        .value
        .type_bound_list()
        .map(|bounds| {
            bounds
                .bounds()
                .map(|bound| {
                    expr_collector.lower_type_bound(bound, &mut ExprCollector::impl_trait_allocator)
                })
                .collect()
        })
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let mut collector = generics::GenericParamsCollector::new(type_alias_id.into());
    collector.lower(
        &mut expr_collector,
        alias.value.generic_param_list(),
        alias.value.where_clause(),
    );
    let params = collector.finish();
    let type_ref = alias
        .value
        .ty()
        .map(|ty| expr_collector.lower_type_ref(ty, &mut ExprCollector::impl_trait_allocator));
    let (store, source_map) = expr_collector.store.finish();
    (store, source_map, params, bounds, type_ref)
}

pub(crate) fn lower_function(
    db: &dyn DefDatabase,
    module: ModuleId,
    fn_: InFile<ast::Fn>,
    function_id: FunctionId,
) -> (
    ExpressionStore,
    ExpressionStoreSourceMap,
    GenericParams,
    Box<[TypeRefId]>,
    Option<TypeRefId>,
    bool,
    bool,
) {
    let mut expr_collector = ExprCollector::new(db, module, fn_.file_id);
    let mut collector = generics::GenericParamsCollector::new(function_id.into());
    collector.lower(&mut expr_collector, fn_.value.generic_param_list(), fn_.value.where_clause());
    let mut params = vec![];
    let mut has_self_param = false;
    let mut has_variadic = false;
    collector.collect_impl_trait(&mut expr_collector, |collector, mut impl_trait_lower_fn| {
        if let Some(param_list) = fn_.value.param_list() {
            if let Some(param) = param_list.self_param() {
                let enabled = collector.check_cfg(&param);
                if enabled {
                    has_self_param = true;
                    params.push(match param.ty() {
                        Some(ty) => collector.lower_type_ref(ty, &mut impl_trait_lower_fn),
                        None => {
                            let self_type = collector.alloc_type_ref_desugared(TypeRef::Path(
                                Name::new_symbol_root(sym::Self_).into(),
                            ));
                            let lifetime = param
                                .lifetime()
                                .map(|lifetime| collector.lower_lifetime_ref(lifetime));
                            match param.kind() {
                                ast::SelfParamKind::Owned => self_type,
                                ast::SelfParamKind::Ref => collector.alloc_type_ref_desugared(
                                    TypeRef::Reference(Box::new(RefType {
                                        ty: self_type,
                                        lifetime,
                                        mutability: Mutability::Shared,
                                    })),
                                ),
                                ast::SelfParamKind::MutRef => collector.alloc_type_ref_desugared(
                                    TypeRef::Reference(Box::new(RefType {
                                        ty: self_type,
                                        lifetime,
                                        mutability: Mutability::Mut,
                                    })),
                                ),
                            }
                        }
                    });
                }
            }
            let p = param_list
                .params()
                .filter(|param| collector.check_cfg(param))
                .filter(|param| {
                    let is_variadic = param.dotdotdot_token().is_some();
                    has_variadic |= is_variadic;
                    !is_variadic
                })
                .map(|param| param.ty())
                // FIXME
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            for p in p {
                params.push(collector.lower_type_ref_opt(p, &mut impl_trait_lower_fn));
            }
        }
    });
    let generics = collector.finish();
    let return_type = fn_.value.ret_type().map(|ret_type| {
        expr_collector.lower_type_ref_opt(ret_type.ty(), &mut ExprCollector::impl_trait_allocator)
    });

    let return_type = if fn_.value.async_token().is_some() || fn_.value.gen_token().is_some() {
        let (path, assoc_name) =
            match (fn_.value.async_token().is_some(), fn_.value.gen_token().is_some()) {
                (true, true) => {
                    (hir_expand::mod_path::path![core::async_iter::AsyncIterator], sym::Item)
                }
                (true, false) => (hir_expand::mod_path::path![core::future::Future], sym::Output),
                (false, true) => (hir_expand::mod_path::path![core::iter::Iterator], sym::Item),
                (false, false) => unreachable!(),
            };
        let mut generic_args: Vec<_> =
            std::iter::repeat_n(None, path.segments().len() - 1).collect();
        let binding = AssociatedTypeBinding {
            name: Name::new_symbol_root(assoc_name),
            args: None,
            type_ref: Some(
                return_type
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| expr_collector.alloc_type_ref_desugared(TypeRef::unit())),
            ),
            bounds: Box::default(),
        };
        generic_args
            .push(Some(GenericArgs { bindings: Box::new([binding]), ..GenericArgs::empty() }));

        let path = Path::from_known_path(path, generic_args);
        let path = PathId::from_type_ref_unchecked(
            expr_collector.alloc_type_ref_desugared(TypeRef::Path(path)),
        );
        let ty_bound = TypeBound::Path(path, TraitBoundModifier::None);
        Some(
            expr_collector
                .alloc_type_ref_desugared(TypeRef::ImplTrait(ThinVec::from_iter([ty_bound]))),
        )
    } else {
        return_type
    };
    let (store, source_map) = expr_collector.store.finish();
    (
        store,
        source_map,
        generics,
        params.into_boxed_slice(),
        return_type,
        has_self_param,
        has_variadic,
    )
}

pub struct ExprCollector<'db> {
    db: &'db dyn DefDatabase,
    cfg_options: &'db CfgOptions,
    expander: Expander<'db>,
    def_map: &'db DefMap,
    local_def_map: &'db LocalDefMap,
    module: ModuleId,
    lang_items: OnceCell<&'db LangItems>,
    pub store: ExpressionStoreBuilder,

    // state stuff
    // Prevent nested impl traits like `impl Foo<impl Bar>`.
    outer_impl_trait: bool,

    is_lowering_coroutine: bool,

    /// Legacy (`macro_rules!`) macros can have multiple definitions and shadow each other,
    /// and we need to find the current definition. So we track the number of definitions we saw.
    current_block_legacy_macro_defs_count: FxHashMap<Name, usize>,

    current_try_block: Option<TryBlock>,

    label_ribs: Vec<LabelRib>,
    unowned_bindings: Vec<BindingId>,

    awaitable_context: Option<Awaitable>,
    krate: base_db::Crate,

    name_generator_index: usize,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
struct LabelRib {
    kind: RibKind,
}

impl LabelRib {
    fn new(kind: RibKind) -> Self {
        LabelRib { kind }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum RibKind {
    Normal(Name, LabelId, HygieneId),
    Closure,
    Constant,
    MacroDef(Box<MacroDefId>),
}

impl RibKind {
    /// This rib forbids referring to labels defined in upwards ribs.
    fn is_label_barrier(&self) -> bool {
        match self {
            RibKind::Normal(..) | RibKind::MacroDef(_) => false,
            RibKind::Closure | RibKind::Constant => true,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
enum Awaitable {
    Yes,
    No(&'static str),
}

enum TryBlock {
    // `try { ... }`
    Homogeneous { label: LabelId },
    // `try bikeshed Ty { ... }`
    Heterogeneous { label: LabelId },
}

#[derive(Debug, Default)]
struct BindingList {
    map: FxHashMap<(Name, HygieneId), BindingId>,
    is_used: FxHashMap<BindingId, bool>,
    reject_new: bool,
}

impl BindingList {
    fn find(
        &mut self,
        ec: &mut ExprCollector<'_>,
        name: Name,
        hygiene: HygieneId,
        mode: BindingAnnotation,
    ) -> BindingId {
        let id = *self
            .map
            .entry((name, hygiene))
            .or_insert_with_key(|(name, hygiene)| ec.alloc_binding(name.clone(), mode, *hygiene));
        if ec.store.bindings[id].mode != mode {
            ec.store.bindings[id].problems = Some(BindingProblems::BoundInconsistently);
        }
        self.check_is_used(ec, id);
        id
    }

    fn check_is_used(&mut self, ec: &mut ExprCollector<'_>, id: BindingId) {
        match self.is_used.get(&id) {
            None => {
                if self.reject_new {
                    ec.store.bindings[id].problems = Some(BindingProblems::NotBoundAcrossAll);
                }
            }
            Some(true) => {
                ec.store.bindings[id].problems = Some(BindingProblems::BoundMoreThanOnce);
            }
            Some(false) => {}
        }
        self.is_used.insert(id, true);
    }
}

impl<'db> ExprCollector<'db> {
    pub fn new(
        db: &dyn DefDatabase,
        module: ModuleId,
        current_file_id: HirFileId,
    ) -> ExprCollector<'_> {
        let (def_map, local_def_map) = module.local_def_map(db);
        let expander = Expander::new(db, current_file_id, def_map);
        let krate = module.krate(db);
        let mut result = ExprCollector {
            db,
            cfg_options: krate.cfg_options(db),
            module,
            def_map,
            local_def_map,
            lang_items: OnceCell::new(),
            store: ExpressionStoreBuilder::default(),
            expander,
            current_try_block: None,
            is_lowering_coroutine: false,
            label_ribs: Vec::new(),
            unowned_bindings: Vec::new(),
            awaitable_context: None,
            current_block_legacy_macro_defs_count: FxHashMap::default(),
            outer_impl_trait: false,
            krate,
            name_generator_index: 0,
        };
        result.store.inference_roots = Some(SmallVec::new());
        result
    }

    fn generate_new_name(&mut self) -> Name {
        let index = self.name_generator_index;
        self.name_generator_index += 1;
        Name::generate_new_name(index)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn lang_items(&self) -> &'db LangItems {
        self.lang_items.get_or_init(|| crate::lang_item::lang_items(self.db, self.def_map.krate()))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn span_map(&self) -> SpanMap<'_> {
        self.expander.span_map()
    }

    pub(in crate::expr_store) fn lower_lifetime_ref(
        &mut self,
        lifetime: ast::Lifetime,
    ) -> LifetimeRefId {
        // FIXME: Keyword check?
        let lifetime_ref = match &*lifetime.text() {
            "" | "'" => LifetimeRef::Error,
            "'static" => LifetimeRef::Static,
            "'_" => LifetimeRef::Placeholder,
            text => LifetimeRef::Named(Name::new_lifetime(text)),
        };
        self.alloc_lifetime_ref(lifetime_ref, AstPtr::new(&lifetime))
    }

    pub(in crate::expr_store) fn lower_lifetime_ref_opt(
        &mut self,
        lifetime: Option<ast::Lifetime>,
    ) -> LifetimeRefId {
        match lifetime {
            Some(lifetime) => self.lower_lifetime_ref(lifetime),
            None => self.alloc_lifetime_ref_desugared(LifetimeRef::Placeholder),
        }
    }

    /// Converts an `ast::TypeRef` to a `hir::TypeRef`.
    pub(in crate::expr_store) fn lower_type_ref(
        &mut self,
        node: ast::Type,
        impl_trait_lower_fn: ImplTraitLowerFn<'_>,
    ) -> TypeRefId {
        let ty = match &node {
            ast::Type::ParenType(inner) => {
                return self.lower_type_ref_opt(inner.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn);
            }
            ast::Type::TupleType(inner) => TypeRef::Tuple(ThinVec::from_iter(Vec::from_iter(
                inner.fields().map(|it| self.lower_type_ref(it, impl_trait_lower_fn)),
            ))),
            ast::Type::NeverType(..) => TypeRef::Never,
            ast::Type::PathType(inner) => inner
                .path()
                .and_then(|it| self.lower_path(it, impl_trait_lower_fn))
                .map(TypeRef::Path)
                .unwrap_or(TypeRef::Error),
            ast::Type::PtrType(inner) => {
                let inner_ty = self.lower_type_ref_opt(inner.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn);
                let mutability = Mutability::from_mutable(inner.mut_token().is_some());
                TypeRef::RawPtr(inner_ty, mutability)
            }
            ast::Type::ArrayType(inner) => {
                let len = self.lower_const_arg_opt(inner.const_arg());
                TypeRef::Array(ArrayType {
                    ty: self.lower_type_ref_opt(inner.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn),
                    len,
                })
            }
            ast::Type::SliceType(inner) => {
                TypeRef::Slice(self.lower_type_ref_opt(inner.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn))
            }
            ast::Type::RefType(inner) => {
                let inner_ty = self.lower_type_ref_opt(inner.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn);
                let lifetime = inner.lifetime().map(|lt| self.lower_lifetime_ref(lt));
                let mutability = Mutability::from_mutable(inner.mut_token().is_some());
                TypeRef::Reference(Box::new(RefType { ty: inner_ty, lifetime, mutability }))
            }
            ast::Type::InferType(_inner) => TypeRef::Placeholder,
            ast::Type::FnPtrType(inner) => {
                let ret_ty = inner
                    .ret_type()
                    .and_then(|rt| rt.ty())
                    .map(|it| self.lower_type_ref(it, impl_trait_lower_fn))
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.alloc_type_ref_desugared(TypeRef::unit()));
                let mut is_varargs = false;
                let mut params = if let Some(pl) = inner.param_list() {
                    if let Some(param) = pl.params().last() {
                        is_varargs = param.dotdotdot_token().is_some();
                    }

                    pl.params()
                        .map(|it| {
                            let type_ref = self.lower_type_ref_opt(it.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn);
                            let name = match it.pat() {
                                Some(ast::Pat::IdentPat(it)) => Some(
                                    it.name().map(|nr| nr.as_name()).unwrap_or_else(Name::missing),
                                ),
                                _ => None,
                            };
                            (name, type_ref)
                        })
                        .collect()
                } else {
                    Vec::with_capacity(1)
                };
                fn lower_abi(abi: ast::Abi) -> ExternAbi {
                    abi.abi_string()
                        .and_then(|abi| abi.text_without_quotes().parse().ok())
                        .unwrap_or(ExternAbi::FALLBACK)
                }

                let abi = inner.abi().map(lower_abi).unwrap_or(ExternAbi::Rust);
                params.push((None, ret_ty));
                TypeRef::Fn(Box::new(FnType {
                    is_varargs,
                    is_unsafe: inner.unsafe_token().is_some(),
                    abi,
                    params: params.into_boxed_slice(),
                }))
            }
            // for types are close enough for our purposes to the inner type for now...
            ast::Type::ForType(inner) => {
                return self.lower_type_ref_opt(inner.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn);
            }
            ast::Type::ImplTraitType(inner) => {
                if self.outer_impl_trait {
                    // Disallow nested impl traits
                    TypeRef::Error
                } else {
                    return self.with_outer_impl_trait_scope(true, |this| {
                        let type_bounds =
                            this.type_bounds_from_ast(inner.type_bound_list(), impl_trait_lower_fn);
                        impl_trait_lower_fn(this, AstPtr::new(&node), type_bounds)
                    });
                }
            }
            ast::Type::DynTraitType(inner) => TypeRef::DynTrait(
                self.type_bounds_from_ast(inner.type_bound_list(), impl_trait_lower_fn),
            ),
            ast::Type::PatternType(inner) => TypeRef::PatternType(
                self.lower_type_ref_opt(inner.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn),
                self.collect_ty_pat_opt(inner.pat()),
            ),
            ast::Type::MacroType(mt) => match mt.macro_call() {
                Some(mcall) => {
                    let macro_ptr = AstPtr::new(&mcall);
                    let src = self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&node));
                    let id = self.collect_macro_call(mcall, macro_ptr, true, |this, expansion| {
                        this.lower_type_ref_opt(expansion, impl_trait_lower_fn)
                    });
                    self.store.types_map.insert(src, id);
                    return id;
                }
                None => TypeRef::Error,
            },
        };
        self.alloc_type_ref(ty, AstPtr::new(&node))
    }

    pub(crate) fn lower_type_ref_disallow_impl_trait(&mut self, node: ast::Type) -> TypeRefId {
        self.lower_type_ref(node, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator)
    }

    pub(crate) fn lower_type_ref_opt(
        &mut self,
        node: Option<ast::Type>,
        impl_trait_lower_fn: ImplTraitLowerFn<'_>,
    ) -> TypeRefId {
        match node {
            Some(node) => self.lower_type_ref(node, impl_trait_lower_fn),
            None => self.alloc_error_type(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn lower_type_ref_opt_disallow_impl_trait(
        &mut self,
        node: Option<ast::Type>,
    ) -> TypeRefId {
        self.lower_type_ref_opt(node, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator)
    }

    fn alloc_type_ref(&mut self, type_ref: TypeRef, node: TypePtr) -> TypeRefId {
        let id = self.store.types.alloc(type_ref);
        let ptr = self.expander.in_file(node);
        self.store.types_map_back.insert(id, ptr);
        self.store.types_map.insert(ptr, id);
        id
    }

    fn alloc_lifetime_ref(
        &mut self,
        lifetime_ref: LifetimeRef,
        node: LifetimePtr,
    ) -> LifetimeRefId {
        let id = self.store.lifetimes.alloc(lifetime_ref);
        let ptr = self.expander.in_file(node);
        self.store.lifetime_map_back.insert(id, ptr);
        self.store.lifetime_map.insert(ptr, id);
        id
    }

    fn alloc_type_ref_desugared(&mut self, type_ref: TypeRef) -> TypeRefId {
        self.store.types.alloc(type_ref)
    }

    fn alloc_lifetime_ref_desugared(&mut self, lifetime_ref: LifetimeRef) -> LifetimeRefId {
        self.store.lifetimes.alloc(lifetime_ref)
    }

    fn alloc_error_type(&mut self) -> TypeRefId {
        self.store.types.alloc(TypeRef::Error)
    }

    pub fn lower_path(
        &mut self,
        ast: ast::Path,
        impl_trait_lower_fn: ImplTraitLowerFn<'_>,
    ) -> Option<Path> {
        super::lower::path::lower_path(self, ast, impl_trait_lower_fn)
    }

    fn with_outer_impl_trait_scope<R>(
        &mut self,
        impl_trait: bool,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        let old = mem::replace(&mut self.outer_impl_trait, impl_trait);
        let result = f(self);
        self.outer_impl_trait = old;
        result
    }

    pub fn impl_trait_error_allocator(
        ec: &mut ExprCollector<'_>,
        ptr: TypePtr,
        _: ThinVec<TypeBound>,
    ) -> TypeRefId {
        ec.alloc_type_ref(TypeRef::Error, ptr)
    }

    fn impl_trait_allocator(
        ec: &mut ExprCollector<'_>,
        ptr: TypePtr,
        bounds: ThinVec<TypeBound>,
    ) -> TypeRefId {
        ec.alloc_type_ref(TypeRef::ImplTrait(bounds), ptr)
    }

    fn alloc_path(&mut self, path: Path, node: TypePtr) -> PathId {
        PathId::from_type_ref_unchecked(self.alloc_type_ref(TypeRef::Path(path), node))
    }

    /// Collect `GenericArgs` from the parts of a fn-like path, i.e. `Fn(X, Y)
    /// -> Z` (which desugars to `Fn<(X, Y), Output=Z>`).
    pub(in crate::expr_store) fn lower_generic_args_from_fn_path(
        &mut self,
        args: Option<ast::ParenthesizedArgList>,
        ret_type: Option<ast::RetType>,
        impl_trait_lower_fn: ImplTraitLowerFn<'_>,
    ) -> Option<GenericArgs> {
        let params = args?;
        let mut param_types = Vec::new();
        for param in params.type_args() {
            let type_ref = self.lower_type_ref_opt(param.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn);
            param_types.push(type_ref);
        }
        let args = Box::new([GenericArg::Type(
            self.alloc_type_ref_desugared(TypeRef::Tuple(ThinVec::from_iter(param_types))),
        )]);
        let bindings = if let Some(ret_type) = ret_type {
            let type_ref = self.lower_type_ref_opt(ret_type.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn);
            Box::new([AssociatedTypeBinding {
                name: Name::new_symbol_root(sym::Output),
                args: None,
                type_ref: Some(type_ref),
                bounds: Box::default(),
            }])
        } else {
            // -> ()
            let type_ref = self.alloc_type_ref_desugared(TypeRef::unit());
            Box::new([AssociatedTypeBinding {
                name: Name::new_symbol_root(sym::Output),
                args: None,
                type_ref: Some(type_ref),
                bounds: Box::default(),
            }])
        };
        Some(GenericArgs {
            args,
            has_self_type: false,
            bindings,
            parenthesized: GenericArgsParentheses::ParenSugar,
        })
    }

    pub(super) fn lower_generic_args(
        &mut self,
        node: ast::GenericArgList,
        impl_trait_lower_fn: ImplTraitLowerFn<'_>,
    ) -> Option<GenericArgs> {
        // This needs to be kept in sync with `hir_generic_arg_to_ast()`.
        let mut args = Vec::new();
        let mut bindings = Vec::new();
        for generic_arg in node.generic_args() {
            match generic_arg {
                ast::GenericArg::TypeArg(type_arg) => {
                    let type_ref = self.lower_type_ref_opt(type_arg.ty(), impl_trait_lower_fn);
                    args.push(GenericArg::Type(type_ref));
                }
                ast::GenericArg::AssocTypeArg(assoc_type_arg) => {
                    // This needs to be kept in sync with `hir_assoc_type_binding_to_ast()`.
                    if assoc_type_arg.param_list().is_some() {
                        // We currently ignore associated return type bounds.
                        continue;
                    }
                    if let Some(name_ref) = assoc_type_arg.name_ref() {
                        // Nested impl traits like `impl Foo<Assoc = impl Bar>` are allowed
                        self.with_outer_impl_trait_scope(false, |this| {
                            let name = name_ref.as_name();
                            let args = assoc_type_arg
                                .generic_arg_list()
                                .and_then(|args| this.lower_generic_args(args, impl_trait_lower_fn))
                                .or_else(|| {
                                    assoc_type_arg
                                        .return_type_syntax()
                                        .map(|_| GenericArgs::return_type_notation())
                                });
                            let type_ref = assoc_type_arg
                                .ty()
                                .map(|it| this.lower_type_ref(it, impl_trait_lower_fn));
                            let bounds = if let Some(l) = assoc_type_arg.type_bound_list() {
                                l.bounds()
                                    .map(|it| this.lower_type_bound(it, impl_trait_lower_fn))
                                    .collect()
                            } else {
                                Box::default()
                            };
                            bindings.push(AssociatedTypeBinding { name, args, type_ref, bounds });
                        });
                    }
                }
                ast::GenericArg::LifetimeArg(lifetime_arg) => {
                    if let Some(lifetime) = lifetime_arg.lifetime() {
                        let lifetime_ref = self.lower_lifetime_ref(lifetime);
                        args.push(GenericArg::Lifetime(lifetime_ref))
                    }
                }
                ast::GenericArg::ConstArg(arg) => {
                    let arg = self.lower_const_arg(arg);
                    args.push(GenericArg::Const(arg))
                }
            }
        }

        if args.is_empty() && bindings.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }
        Some(GenericArgs {
            args: args.into_boxed_slice(),
            has_self_type: false,
            bindings: bindings.into_boxed_slice(),
            parenthesized: GenericArgsParentheses::No,
        })
    }

    /// Lowers a desugared coroutine body after moving all of the arguments
    /// into the body. This is to make sure that the future actually owns the
    /// arguments that are passed to the function, and to ensure things like
    /// drop order are stable.
    fn lower_coroutine_body_with_moved_arguments(
        &mut self,
        self_params: &mut ArrayVec<BindingId, 2>,
        params: &mut [PatId],
        body: ExprId,
        kind: CoroutineKind,
        coroutine_source: CoroutineSource,
    ) -> ExprId {
        // Async function parameters are lowered into the closure body so that they are
        // captured and so that the drop order matches the equivalent non-async functions.
        //
        // from:
        //
        //     async fn foo(<pattern>: <ty>, <pattern>: <ty>, <pattern>: <ty>) {
        //         <body>
        //     }
        //
        // into:
        //
        //     fn foo(__arg0: <ty>, __arg1: <ty>, __arg2: <ty>) {
        //       async move {
        //         let __arg2 = __arg2;
        //         let <pattern> = __arg2;
        //         let __arg1 = __arg1;
        //         let <pattern> = __arg1;
        //         let __arg0 = __arg0;
        //         let <pattern> = __arg0;
        //         drop-temps { <body> } // see comments later in fn for details
        //       }
        //     }
        //
        // If `<pattern>` is a simple ident, then it is lowered to a single
        // `let <pattern> = <pattern>;` statement as an optimization.

        let mut statements = Vec::new();

        if let Some(&self_param) = self_params.first() {
            let Binding { ref name, mode, hygiene, .. } = self.store.bindings[self_param];
            let name = name.clone();
            let child_binding_id = self.alloc_binding(name.clone(), mode, hygiene);
            let child_pat_id =
                self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::Bind { id: child_binding_id, subpat: None });
            self.add_definition_to_binding(child_binding_id, child_pat_id);
            let expr = self.alloc_expr_desugared(Expr::Path(name.into()));
            if !hygiene.is_root() {
                self.store.ident_hygiene.insert(expr.into(), hygiene);
            }
            statements.push(Statement::Let {
                pat: child_pat_id,
                type_ref: None,
                initializer: Some(expr),
                else_branch: None,
            });
            self_params.push(child_binding_id);
        }

        for param in params {
            let (name, hygiene, is_simple_parameter) = match self.store.pats[*param] {
                // Check if this is a binding pattern, if so, we can optimize and avoid adding a
                // `let <pat> = __argN;` statement. In this case, we do not rename the parameter.
                Pat::Bind { id, subpat: None, .. }
                    if matches!(
                        self.store.bindings[id].mode,
                        BindingAnnotation::Unannotated | BindingAnnotation::Mutable
                    ) =>
                {
                    (self.store.bindings[id].name.clone(), self.store.bindings[id].hygiene, true)
                }
                Pat::Bind { id, .. } => {
                    // If this is a `ref` binding, we can't leave it as is but we can at least reuse the name, for better display.
                    (self.store.bindings[id].name.clone(), self.store.bindings[id].hygiene, false)
                }
                _ => (self.generate_new_name(), HygieneId::ROOT, false),
            };
            let pat_syntax = self.store.pat_map_back.get(*param).copied();
            let child_binding_id =
                self.alloc_binding(name.clone(), BindingAnnotation::Mutable, hygiene);
            let child_pat_id =
                self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::Bind { id: child_binding_id, subpat: None });
            self.add_definition_to_binding(child_binding_id, child_pat_id);
            if let Some(pat_syntax) = pat_syntax {
                self.store.pat_map_back.insert(child_pat_id, pat_syntax);
            }
            let expr = self.alloc_expr_desugared(Expr::Path(name.clone().into()));
            if !hygiene.is_root() {
                self.store.ident_hygiene.insert(expr.into(), hygiene);
            }
            statements.push(Statement::Let {
                pat: child_pat_id,
                type_ref: None,
                initializer: Some(expr),
                else_branch: None,
            });
            if !is_simple_parameter {
                let expr = self.alloc_expr_desugared(Expr::Path(name.clone().into()));
                if !hygiene.is_root() {
                    self.store.ident_hygiene.insert(expr.into(), hygiene);
                }
                statements.push(Statement::Let {
                    pat: *param,
                    type_ref: None,
                    initializer: Some(expr),
                    else_branch: None,
                });

                let parent_binding_id =
                    self.alloc_binding(name.clone(), BindingAnnotation::Mutable, hygiene);
                let parent_pat_id =
                    self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::Bind { id: parent_binding_id, subpat: None });
                self.add_definition_to_binding(parent_binding_id, parent_pat_id);
                if let Some(pat_syntax) = pat_syntax {
                    self.store.pat_map_back.insert(parent_pat_id, pat_syntax);
                }
                *param = parent_pat_id;
            }
        }

        let coroutine = self.desugared_coroutine_expr(
            kind,
            coroutine_source,
            // The default capture mode here is by-ref. Later on during upvar analysis,
            // we will force the captured arguments to by-move, but for async closures,
            // we want to make sure that we avoid unnecessarily moving captures, or else
            // all async closures would default to `FnOnce` as their calling mode.
            CaptureBy::Ref,
            None,
            statements.into_boxed_slice(),
            Some(body),
        );
        // It's important that this comes last, see the lowering of async closures for why.
        self.alloc_expr_desugared(coroutine)
    }

    fn desugared_coroutine_expr(
        &mut self,
        kind: CoroutineKind,
        source: CoroutineSource,
        capture_by: CaptureBy,
        id: Option<BlockId>,
        statements: Box<[Statement]>,
        tail: Option<ExprId>,
    ) -> Expr {
        let block = self.alloc_expr_desugared(Expr::Block { label: None, id, statements, tail });
        Expr::Closure {
            args: Box::default(),
            arg_types: Box::default(),
            ret_type: None,
            body: block,
            closure_kind: ClosureKind::Coroutine { kind, source },
            capture_by,
        }
    }

    fn collect(
        &mut self,
        self_params: &mut ArrayVec<BindingId, 2>,
        params: &mut [PatId],
        expr: Option<ast::Expr>,
        awaitable: Awaitable,
        is_async_fn: bool,
        is_gen_fn: bool,
    ) -> ExprId {
        self.awaitable_context.replace(awaitable);
        self.with_label_rib(RibKind::Closure, |this| {
            let body = this.collect_expr_opt(expr);
            if is_async_fn || is_gen_fn {
                let kind = match (is_async_fn, is_gen_fn) {
                    (true, true) => CoroutineKind::AsyncGen,
                    (true, false) => CoroutineKind::Async,
                    (false, true) => CoroutineKind::Gen,
                    (false, false) => unreachable!(),
                };
                this.lower_coroutine_body_with_moved_arguments(
                    self_params,
                    params,
                    body,
                    kind,
                    CoroutineSource::Fn,
                )
            } else {
                body
            }
        })
    }

    fn type_bounds_from_ast(
        &mut self,
        type_bounds_opt: Option<ast::TypeBoundList>,
        impl_trait_lower_fn: ImplTraitLowerFn<'_>,
    ) -> ThinVec<TypeBound> {
        if let Some(type_bounds) = type_bounds_opt {
            ThinVec::from_iter(Vec::from_iter(
                type_bounds.bounds().map(|it| self.lower_type_bound(it, impl_trait_lower_fn)),
            ))
        } else {
            ThinVec::from_iter([])
        }
    }

    fn lower_path_type(
        &mut self,
        path_type: &ast::PathType,
        impl_trait_lower_fn: ImplTraitLowerFn<'_>,
    ) -> Option<Path> {
        let path = self.lower_path(path_type.path()?, impl_trait_lower_fn)?;
        Some(path)
    }

    fn lower_type_bound(
        &mut self,
        node: ast::TypeBound,
        impl_trait_lower_fn: ImplTraitLowerFn<'_>,
    ) -> TypeBound {
        let Some(kind) = node.kind() else { return TypeBound::Error };
        match kind {
            ast::TypeBoundKind::PathType(binder, path_type) => {
                let binder = match binder.and_then(|it| it.generic_param_list()) {
                    Some(gpl) => gpl
                        .lifetime_params()
                        .flat_map(|lp| lp.lifetime().map(|lt| Name::new_lifetime(&lt.text())))
                        .collect(),
                    None => ThinVec::default(),
                };
                let m = match node.question_mark_token() {
                    Some(_) => TraitBoundModifier::Maybe,
                    None => TraitBoundModifier::None,
                };
                self.lower_path_type(&path_type, impl_trait_lower_fn)
                    .map(|p| {
                        let path = self.alloc_path(p, AstPtr::new(&path_type).upcast());
                        if binder.is_empty() {
                            TypeBound::Path(path, m)
                        } else {
                            TypeBound::ForLifetime(binder, path)
                        }
                    })
                    .unwrap_or(TypeBound::Error)
            }
            ast::TypeBoundKind::Use(gal) => TypeBound::Use(
                gal.use_bound_generic_args()
                    .map(|p| match p {
                        ast::UseBoundGenericArg::Lifetime(l) => {
                            UseArgRef::Lifetime(self.lower_lifetime_ref(l))
                        }
                        ast::UseBoundGenericArg::NameRef(n) => UseArgRef::Name(n.as_name()),
                    })
                    .collect(),
            ),
            ast::TypeBoundKind::Lifetime(lifetime) => {
                TypeBound::Lifetime(self.lower_lifetime_ref(lifetime))
            }
        }
    }

    fn lower_const_arg_opt(&mut self, arg: Option<ast::ConstArg>) -> ConstRef {
        ConstRef {
            expr: self.with_fresh_binding_expr_root(|this| {
                this.collect_expr_opt(arg.and_then(|arg| arg.expr()))
            }),
        }
    }

    pub fn lower_const_arg(&mut self, arg: ast::ConstArg) -> ConstRef {
        ConstRef {
            expr: self.with_fresh_binding_expr_root(|this| this.collect_expr_opt(arg.expr())),
        }
    }

    fn collect_expr(&mut self, expr: ast::Expr) -> ExprId {
        self.maybe_collect_expr(expr).unwrap_or_else(|| self.missing_expr())
    }

    pub(in crate::expr_store) fn collect_expr_opt(&mut self, expr: Option<ast::Expr>) -> ExprId {
        match expr {
            Some(expr) => self.collect_expr(expr),
            None => self.missing_expr(),
        }
    }

    /// Returns `None` if and only if the expression is `#[cfg]`d out.
    fn maybe_collect_expr(&mut self, expr: ast::Expr) -> Option<ExprId> {
        let syntax_ptr = AstPtr::new(&expr);
        if !self.check_cfg(&expr) {
            return None;
        }

        // FIXME: Move some of these arms out into separate methods for clarity
        Some(match expr {
            ast::Expr::IfExpr(e) => {
                let then_branch = self.collect_block_opt(e.then_branch());

                let else_branch = e.else_branch().map(|b| match b {
                    ast::ElseBranch::Block(it) => self.collect_block(it),
                    ast::ElseBranch::IfExpr(elif) => {
                        let expr: ast::Expr = ast::Expr::cast(elif.syntax().clone()).unwrap();
                        self.collect_expr(expr)
                    }
                });

                let condition = self.collect_expr_opt(e.condition());

                self.alloc_expr(Expr::If { condition, then_branch, else_branch }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::LetExpr(e) => {
                let pat = self.collect_pat_top(e.pat());
                let expr = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Let { pat, expr }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::BlockExpr(e) => match e.modifier() {
                Some(ast::BlockModifier::Try { try_token: _, bikeshed_token: _, result_type }) => {
                    self.desugar_try_block(e, result_type)
                }
                Some(ast::BlockModifier::Unsafe(_)) => {
                    self.collect_block_(e, |_, id, statements, tail| Expr::Unsafe {
                        id,
                        statements,
                        tail,
                    })
                }
                Some(ast::BlockModifier::Label(label)) => {
                    let label_hygiene = self.hygiene_id_for(label.syntax().text_range());
                    let label_id = self.collect_label(label);
                    self.with_labeled_rib(label_id, label_hygiene, |this| {
                        this.collect_block_(e, |_, id, statements, tail| Expr::Block {
                            id,
                            statements,
                            tail,
                            label: Some(label_id),
                        })
                    })
                }
                Some(ast::BlockModifier::Async(_)) => {
                    let capture_by =
                        if e.move_token().is_some() { CaptureBy::Value } else { CaptureBy::Ref };
                    self.with_label_rib(RibKind::Closure, |this| {
                        this.with_awaitable_block(Awaitable::Yes, |this| {
                            this.collect_block_(e, |this, id, statements, tail| {
                                this.desugared_coroutine_expr(
                                    CoroutineKind::Async,
                                    CoroutineSource::Block,
                                    capture_by,
                                    id,
                                    statements,
                                    tail,
                                )
                            })
                        })
                    })
                }
                Some(ast::BlockModifier::Gen(_)) => {
                    let capture_by =
                        if e.move_token().is_some() { CaptureBy::Value } else { CaptureBy::Ref };
                    self.with_label_rib(RibKind::Closure, |this| {
                        this.with_awaitable_block(Awaitable::No("non-async gen block"), |this| {
                            this.collect_block_(e, |this, id, statements, tail| {
                                this.desugared_coroutine_expr(
                                    CoroutineKind::Gen,
                                    CoroutineSource::Block,
                                    capture_by,
                                    id,
                                    statements,
                                    tail,
                                )
                            })
                        })
                    })
                }
                Some(ast::BlockModifier::AsyncGen(_)) => {
                    let capture_by =
                        if e.move_token().is_some() { CaptureBy::Value } else { CaptureBy::Ref };
                    self.with_label_rib(RibKind::Closure, |this| {
                        this.with_awaitable_block(Awaitable::Yes, |this| {
                            this.collect_block_(e, |this, id, statements, tail| {
                                this.desugared_coroutine_expr(
                                    CoroutineKind::AsyncGen,
                                    CoroutineSource::Block,
                                    capture_by,
                                    id,
                                    statements,
                                    tail,
                                )
                            })
                        })
                    })
                }
                Some(ast::BlockModifier::Const(_)) => {
                    self.with_label_rib(RibKind::Constant, |this| {
                        this.with_awaitable_block(Awaitable::No("constant block"), |this| {
                            this.with_binding_owner(|this| {
                                let inner_expr = this.collect_block(e);
                                this.alloc_expr(Expr::Const(inner_expr), syntax_ptr)
                            })
                        })
                    })
                }
                None => self.collect_block(e),
            },
            ast::Expr::LoopExpr(e) => {
                let label = e.label().map(|label| {
                    (self.hygiene_id_for(label.syntax().text_range()), self.collect_label(label))
                });
                let body = self.collect_labelled_block_opt(label, e.loop_body());
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Loop { body, label: label.map(|it| it.1) }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::WhileExpr(e) => self.collect_while_loop(syntax_ptr, e),
            ast::Expr::ForExpr(e) => self.collect_for_loop(syntax_ptr, e),
            ast::Expr::CallExpr(e) => {
                // FIXME(MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION): Remove this once we drop support for <1.86, https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/commit/ac9cb908ac4301dfc25e7a2edee574320022ae2c
                let is_rustc_box = {
                    let attrs = e.attrs();
                    attrs.filter_map(|it| it.as_simple_atom()).any(|it| it == "rustc_box")
                };
                if is_rustc_box {
                    let expr = self.collect_expr_opt(e.arg_list().and_then(|it| it.args().next()));
                    self.alloc_expr(Expr::Box { expr }, syntax_ptr)
                } else {
                    let callee = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
                    let args = if let Some(arg_list) = e.arg_list() {
                        arg_list.args().filter_map(|e| self.maybe_collect_expr(e)).collect()
                    } else {
                        Box::default()
                    };
                    self.alloc_expr(Expr::Call { callee, args }, syntax_ptr)
                }
            }
            ast::Expr::MethodCallExpr(e) => {
                let receiver = self.collect_expr_opt(e.receiver());
                let args = if let Some(arg_list) = e.arg_list() {
                    arg_list.args().filter_map(|e| self.maybe_collect_expr(e)).collect()
                } else {
                    Box::default()
                };
                let method_name = e.name_ref().map(|nr| nr.as_name()).unwrap_or_else(Name::missing);
                let generic_args = e
                    .generic_arg_list()
                    .and_then(|it| {
                        self.lower_generic_args(it, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator)
                    })
                    .map(Box::new);
                self.alloc_expr(
                    Expr::MethodCall { receiver, method_name, args, generic_args },
                    syntax_ptr,
                )
            }
            ast::Expr::MatchExpr(e) => {
                let expr = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
                let arms = if let Some(match_arm_list) = e.match_arm_list() {
                    match_arm_list
                        .arms()
                        .filter_map(|arm| {
                            if self.check_cfg(&arm) {
                                Some(MatchArm {
                                    pat: self.collect_pat_top(arm.pat()),
                                    expr: self.collect_expr_opt(arm.expr()),
                                    guard: arm
                                        .guard()
                                        .map(|guard| self.collect_expr_opt(guard.condition())),
                                })
                            } else {
                                None
                            }
                        })
                        .collect()
                } else {
                    Box::default()
                };
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Match { expr, arms }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::PathExpr(e) => {
                let (path, hygiene) = self
                    .collect_expr_path(e)
                    .map(|(path, hygiene)| (Expr::Path(path), hygiene))
                    .unwrap_or((Expr::Missing, HygieneId::ROOT));
                let expr_id = self.alloc_expr(path, syntax_ptr);
                if !hygiene.is_root() {
                    self.store.ident_hygiene.insert(expr_id.into(), hygiene);
                }
                expr_id
            }
            ast::Expr::ContinueExpr(e) => {
                let label = self.resolve_label(e.lifetime()).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    self.store.diagnostics.push(e);
                    None
                });
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Continue { label }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::BreakExpr(e) => {
                let label = self.resolve_label(e.lifetime()).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    self.store.diagnostics.push(e);
                    None
                });
                let expr = e.expr().map(|e| self.collect_expr(e));
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Break { expr, label }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::ParenExpr(e) => {
                let inner = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
                // make the paren expr point to the inner expression as well for IDE resolution
                let src = self.expander.in_file(syntax_ptr);
                self.store.expr_map.insert(src, inner.into());
                inner
            }
            ast::Expr::ReturnExpr(e) => {
                let expr = e.expr().map(|e| self.collect_expr(e));
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Return { expr }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::BecomeExpr(e) => {
                let expr =
                    e.expr().map(|e| self.collect_expr(e)).unwrap_or_else(|| self.missing_expr());
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Become { expr }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::YieldExpr(e) => {
                self.is_lowering_coroutine = true;
                let expr = e.expr().map(|e| self.collect_expr(e));
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Yield { expr }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::YeetExpr(e) => {
                let expr = e.expr().map(|e| self.collect_expr(e));
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Yeet { expr }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::RecordExpr(e) => {
                let path = e
                    .path()
                    .and_then(|path| self.lower_path(path, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator));
                let Some(path) = path else {
                    return Some(self.missing_expr());
                };
                let record_lit = if let Some(nfl) = e.record_expr_field_list() {
                    let fields = nfl
                        .fields()
                        .filter_map(|field| {
                            if !self.check_cfg(&field) {
                                return None;
                            }

                            let name = field.field_name()?.as_name();

                            let expr = match field.expr() {
                                Some(e) => self.collect_expr(e),
                                None => self.missing_expr(),
                            };
                            let src = self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&field));
                            self.store.field_map_back.insert(expr, src);
                            Some(RecordLitField { name, expr })
                        })
                        .collect();
                    let spread_expr = nfl.spread().map(|s| self.collect_expr(s));
                    let has_spread_syntax = nfl.dotdot_token().is_some();
                    let spread = match (spread_expr, has_spread_syntax) {
                        (None, false) => RecordSpread::None,
                        (None, true) => RecordSpread::FieldDefaults,
                        (Some(expr), _) => RecordSpread::Expr(expr),
                    };
                    Expr::RecordLit { path, fields, spread }
                } else {
                    Expr::RecordLit { path, fields: Box::default(), spread: RecordSpread::None }
                };

                self.alloc_expr(record_lit, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::FieldExpr(e) => {
                let expr = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
                let name = match e.field_access() {
                    Some(kind) => kind.as_name(),
                    _ => Name::missing(),
                };
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Field { expr, name }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::AwaitExpr(e) => {
                let expr = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
                if let Awaitable::No(location) = self.is_lowering_awaitable_block() {
                    self.store.diagnostics.push(ExpressionStoreDiagnostics::AwaitOutsideOfAsync {
                        node: self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&e)),
                        location: location.to_string(),
                    });
                }
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Await { expr }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::TryExpr(e) => self.collect_try_operator(syntax_ptr, e),
            ast::Expr::CastExpr(e) => {
                let expr = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
                let type_ref = self.lower_type_ref_opt_disallow_impl_trait(e.ty());
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Cast { expr, type_ref }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::RefExpr(e) => {
                let expr = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
                let raw_tok = e.raw_token().is_some();
                let mutability = if raw_tok {
                    if e.mut_token().is_some() { Mutability::Mut } else { Mutability::Shared }
                } else {
                    Mutability::from_mutable(e.mut_token().is_some())
                };
                let rawness = Rawness::from_raw(raw_tok);
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Ref { expr, rawness, mutability }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::PrefixExpr(e) => {
                let expr = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
                match e.op_kind() {
                    Some(op) => self.alloc_expr(Expr::UnaryOp { expr, op }, syntax_ptr),
                    None => self.alloc_expr(Expr::Missing, syntax_ptr),
                }
            }
            ast::Expr::ClosureExpr(e) => self.with_label_rib(RibKind::Closure, |this| {
                let mut is_coroutine_closure = false;
                let closure = this.with_binding_owner_and_return(|this| {
                    let mut args = Vec::new();
                    let mut arg_types = Vec::new();
                    // For coroutine closures, the body, aka. the coroutine is the bindings owner, and not the closure.
                    if let Some(pl) = e.param_list() {
                        let num_params = pl.params().count();
                        args.reserve_exact(num_params);
                        arg_types.reserve_exact(num_params);
                        for param in pl.params() {
                            let pat = this.collect_pat_top(param.pat());
                            let type_ref =
                                param.ty().map(|it| this.lower_type_ref_disallow_impl_trait(it));
                            args.push(pat);
                            arg_types.push(type_ref);
                        }
                    }
                    let ret_type = e
                        .ret_type()
                        .and_then(|r| r.ty())
                        .map(|it| this.lower_type_ref_disallow_impl_trait(it));

                    let prev_is_lowering_coroutine = mem::take(&mut this.is_lowering_coroutine);
                    let prev_try_block = this.current_try_block.take();

                    let awaitable = if e.async_token().is_some() {
                        Awaitable::Yes
                    } else {
                        Awaitable::No("non-async closure")
                    };
                    let mut body = this
                        .with_awaitable_block(awaitable, |this| this.collect_expr_opt(e.body()));
                    let kind = {
                        if e.async_token().is_some() && e.gen_token().is_some() {
                            Some(CoroutineKind::AsyncGen)
                        } else if e.async_token().is_some() {
                            Some(CoroutineKind::Async)
                        } else if e.gen_token().is_some() {
                            Some(CoroutineKind::Gen)
                        } else {
                            None
                        }
                    };

                    let closure_kind = if let Some(kind) = kind {
                        // It's important that this expr is allocated immediately before the closure.
                        // We rely on it for `coroutine_for_closure()`.
                        body = this.lower_coroutine_body_with_moved_arguments(
                            &mut ArrayVec::new(),
                            &mut args,
                            body,
                            kind,
                            CoroutineSource::Closure,
                        );
                        is_coroutine_closure = true;

                        ClosureKind::CoroutineClosure(kind)
                    } else if this.is_lowering_coroutine {
                        let movability = if e.static_token().is_some() {
                            Movability::Static
                        } else {
                            Movability::Movable
                        };
                        ClosureKind::OldCoroutine(movability)
                    } else {
                        ClosureKind::Closure
                    };
                    let capture_by =
                        if e.move_token().is_some() { CaptureBy::Value } else { CaptureBy::Ref };
                    this.is_lowering_coroutine = prev_is_lowering_coroutine;
                    this.current_try_block = prev_try_block;
                    let closure = this.alloc_expr(
                        Expr::Closure {
                            args: args.into(),
                            arg_types: arg_types.into(),
                            ret_type,
                            body,
                            closure_kind,
                            capture_by,
                        },
                        syntax_ptr,
                    );

                    (if is_coroutine_closure { body } else { closure }, closure)
                });

                if is_coroutine_closure {
                    let Expr::Closure { args, .. } = &this.store.exprs[closure] else {
                        unreachable!()
                    };
                    for &arg in args {
                        let Pat::Bind { id, .. } = this.store.pats[arg] else {
                            never!("`lower_coroutine_body_with_moved_arguments()` should make sure the coroutine closure only have simple bind args");
                            continue;
                        };
                        this.store.binding_owners.insert(id, closure);
                    }
                }

                closure
            }),
            ast::Expr::BinExpr(e) => {
                let op = e.op_kind();
                if let Some(ast::BinaryOp::Assignment { op: None }) = op {
                    let target = self.collect_expr_as_pat_opt(e.lhs());
                    let value = self.collect_expr_opt(e.rhs());
                    self.alloc_expr(Expr::Assignment { target, value }, syntax_ptr)
                } else {
                    let lhs = self.collect_expr_opt(e.lhs());
                    let rhs = self.collect_expr_opt(e.rhs());
                    self.alloc_expr(Expr::BinaryOp { lhs, rhs, op }, syntax_ptr)
                }
            }
            ast::Expr::TupleExpr(e) => {
                let mut exprs: Vec<_> = e.fields().map(|expr| self.collect_expr(expr)).collect();
                // if there is a leading comma, the user is most likely to type out a leading expression
                // so we insert a missing expression at the beginning for IDE features
                if comma_follows_token(e.l_paren_token()) {
                    exprs.insert(0, self.missing_expr());
                }

                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Tuple { exprs: exprs.into_boxed_slice() }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::ArrayExpr(e) => {
                let kind = e.kind();

                match kind {
                    ArrayExprKind::ElementList(e) => {
                        let elements = e
                            .filter_map(|expr| {
                                if self.check_cfg(&expr) {
                                    Some(self.collect_expr(expr))
                                } else {
                                    None
                                }
                            })
                            .collect();
                        self.alloc_expr(Expr::Array(Array::ElementList { elements }), syntax_ptr)
                    }
                    ArrayExprKind::Repeat { initializer, repeat } => {
                        let initializer = self.collect_expr_opt(initializer);
                        let repeat = self.with_label_rib(RibKind::Constant, |this| {
                            if let Some(repeat) = repeat {
                                this.with_binding_owner(|this| this.collect_expr(repeat))
                            } else {
                                this.missing_expr()
                            }
                        });
                        self.alloc_expr(
                            Expr::Array(Array::Repeat { initializer, repeat }),
                            syntax_ptr,
                        )
                    }
                }
            }

            ast::Expr::Literal(e) => self.alloc_expr(Expr::Literal(e.kind().into()), syntax_ptr),
            ast::Expr::IndexExpr(e) => {
                let base = self.collect_expr_opt(e.base());
                let index = self.collect_expr_opt(e.index());
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::Index { base, index }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::RangeExpr(e) => {
                let lhs = e.start().map(|lhs| self.collect_expr(lhs));
                let rhs = e.end().map(|rhs| self.collect_expr(rhs));
                match e.op_kind() {
                    Some(range_type) => {
                        self.alloc_expr(Expr::Range { lhs, rhs, range_type }, syntax_ptr)
                    }
                    None => self.alloc_expr(Expr::Missing, syntax_ptr),
                }
            }
            ast::Expr::MacroExpr(e) => {
                let e = e.macro_call()?;
                let macro_ptr = AstPtr::new(&e);
                let id = self.collect_macro_call(e, macro_ptr, true, |this, expansion| {
                    expansion.map(|it| this.collect_expr(it))
                });
                match id {
                    Some(id) => {
                        // Make the macro-call point to its expanded expression so we can query
                        // semantics on syntax pointers to the macro
                        let src = self.expander.in_file(syntax_ptr);
                        self.store.expr_map.insert(src, id.into());
                        id
                    }
                    None => self.alloc_expr(Expr::Missing, syntax_ptr),
                }
            }
            ast::Expr::UnderscoreExpr(_) => self.alloc_expr(Expr::Underscore, syntax_ptr),
            ast::Expr::AsmExpr(e) => self.lower_inline_asm(e, syntax_ptr),
            ast::Expr::OffsetOfExpr(e) => {
                let container = self.lower_type_ref_opt_disallow_impl_trait(e.ty());
                let fields = e.fields().map(|it| it.as_name()).collect();
                self.alloc_expr(Expr::OffsetOf(OffsetOf { container, fields }), syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::FormatArgsExpr(f) => self.collect_format_args(f, syntax_ptr),
        })
    }

    fn collect_expr_path(&mut self, e: ast::PathExpr) -> Option<(Path, HygieneId)> {
        e.path().and_then(|path| {
            let path = self.lower_path(path, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator)?;
            // Need to enable `mod_path.len() < 1` for `self`.
            let may_be_variable = matches!(&path, Path::BarePath(mod_path) if mod_path.len() <= 1);
            let hygiene = if may_be_variable {
                self.hygiene_id_for(e.syntax().text_range())
            } else {
                HygieneId::ROOT
            };
            Some((path, hygiene))
        })
    }

    /// Whether this path should be lowered as destructuring assignment, or as a normal assignment.
    fn path_is_destructuring_assignment(&self, path: &ModPath) -> bool {
        // rustc has access to a full resolver here, including local variables and generic params, and it checks the following
        // criteria: a path not lowered as destructuring assignment if it can *fully resolve* to something that is *not*
        // a const, a unit struct or a variant.
        // We don't have access to a full resolver here. So we should do the same as rustc, but assuming that local variables
        // could be resolved to nothing (fortunately, there cannot be a local variable shadowing a unit struct/variant/const,
        // as that is an error). We don't need to consider const params as it's an error to refer to these in patterns.
        let (resolution, unresolved_idx, _) = self.def_map.resolve_path_locally(
            self.local_def_map,
            self.db,
            self.module,
            path,
            BuiltinShadowMode::Other,
        );
        match unresolved_idx {
            Some(_) => {
                // If `Some(_)`, path could be resolved to unit struct/variant/const with type information, i.e. an assoc type or const.
                // If `None`, path could be a local variable.
                resolution.take_types().is_some()
            }
            None => match resolution.take_values() {
                // We don't need to consider non-unit structs/variants, as those are not value types.
                Some(ModuleDefId::EnumVariantId(_))
                | Some(ModuleDefId::AdtId(_))
                | Some(ModuleDefId::ConstId(_)) => true,
                _ => false,
            },
        }
    }

    fn collect_expr_as_pat_opt(&mut self, expr: Option<ast::Expr>) -> PatId {
        match expr {
            Some(expr) => self.collect_expr_as_pat(expr),
            _ => self.missing_pat(),
        }
    }

    fn collect_expr_as_pat(&mut self, expr: ast::Expr) -> PatId {
        self.maybe_collect_expr_as_pat(&expr).unwrap_or_else(|| {
            let src = self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&expr).wrap_left());
            let expr = self.collect_expr(expr);
            // Do not use `alloc_pat_from_expr()` here, it will override the entry in `expr_map`.
            let id = self.store.pats.alloc(Pat::Expr(expr));
            self.store.pat_map_back.insert(id, src);
            id
        })
    }

    fn maybe_collect_expr_as_pat(&mut self, expr: &ast::Expr) -> Option<PatId> {
        if !self.check_cfg(expr) {
            return None;
        }
        let syntax_ptr = AstPtr::new(expr);

        let result = match expr {
            ast::Expr::UnderscoreExpr(_) => self.alloc_pat_from_expr(Pat::Wild, syntax_ptr),
            ast::Expr::ParenExpr(e) => {
                // We special-case `(..)` for consistency with patterns.
                if let Some(ast::Expr::RangeExpr(range)) = e.expr()
                    && range.is_range_full()
                {
                    return Some(self.alloc_pat_from_expr(
                        Pat::Tuple { args: Box::default(), ellipsis: Some(0) },
                        syntax_ptr,
                    ));
                }
                return e.expr().and_then(|expr| self.maybe_collect_expr_as_pat(&expr));
            }
            ast::Expr::TupleExpr(e) => {
                let (ellipsis, args) = collect_tuple(self, e.fields());
                self.alloc_pat_from_expr(Pat::Tuple { args, ellipsis }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::ArrayExpr(e) => {
                if e.semicolon_token().is_some() {
                    return None;
                }

                let mut elements = e.exprs();
                let prefix = elements
                    .by_ref()
                    .map_while(|elem| collect_possibly_rest(self, elem).left())
                    .collect();
                let suffix = elements.map(|elem| self.collect_expr_as_pat(elem)).collect();
                self.alloc_pat_from_expr(Pat::Slice { prefix, slice: None, suffix }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::CallExpr(e) => {
                let path = collect_path(self, e.expr()?)?;
                let path = path
                    .path()
                    .and_then(|path| self.lower_path(path, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator));
                let Some(path) = path else {
                    return Some(self.missing_pat());
                };
                let (ellipsis, args) = collect_tuple(self, e.arg_list()?.args());
                self.alloc_pat_from_expr(Pat::TupleStruct { path, args, ellipsis }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            ast::Expr::PathExpr(e) => {
                let (path, hygiene) = self.collect_expr_path(e.clone())?;
                let mod_path = path.mod_path().expect("should not lower to lang path");
                if self.path_is_destructuring_assignment(mod_path) {
                    let pat_id = self.alloc_pat_from_expr(Pat::Path(path), syntax_ptr);
                    if !hygiene.is_root() {
                        self.store.ident_hygiene.insert(pat_id.into(), hygiene);
                    }
                    pat_id
                } else {
                    return None;
                }
            }
            ast::Expr::MacroExpr(e) => {
                let e = e.macro_call()?;
                let macro_ptr = AstPtr::new(&e);
                let src = self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(expr));
                let id = self.collect_macro_call(e, macro_ptr, true, |this, expansion| {
                    this.collect_expr_as_pat_opt(expansion)
                });
                self.store.expr_map.insert(src, id.into());
                id
            }
            ast::Expr::RecordExpr(e) => {
                let path = e
                    .path()
                    .and_then(|path| self.lower_path(path, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator));
                let Some(path) = path else {
                    return Some(self.missing_pat());
                };
                let record_field_list = e.record_expr_field_list()?;
                let ellipsis = record_field_list.dotdot_token().is_some();
                if let Some(spread) = record_field_list.spread() {
                    self.store.diagnostics.push(
                        ExpressionStoreDiagnostics::FruInDestructuringAssignment {
                            node: self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&spread)),
                        },
                    );
                }
                let args = record_field_list
                    .fields()
                    .filter_map(|f| {
                        if !self.check_cfg(&f) {
                            return None;
                        }
                        let field_expr = f.expr()?;
                        let pat = self.collect_expr_as_pat(field_expr);
                        let name = f.field_name()?.as_name();
                        let src = self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&f).wrap_left());
                        self.store.pat_field_map_back.insert(pat, src);
                        Some(RecordFieldPat { name, pat })
                    })
                    .collect();
                self.alloc_pat_from_expr(Pat::Record { path, args, ellipsis }, syntax_ptr)
            }
            _ => return None,
        };
        return Some(result);

        fn collect_path(this: &mut ExprCollector<'_>, expr: ast::Expr) -> Option<ast::PathExpr> {
            match expr {
                ast::Expr::PathExpr(e) => Some(e),
                ast::Expr::MacroExpr(mac) => {
                    let call = mac.macro_call()?;
                    {
                        let macro_ptr = AstPtr::new(&call);
                        this.collect_macro_call(call, macro_ptr, true, |this, expanded_path| {
                            collect_path(this, expanded_path?)
                        })
                    }
                }
                _ => None,
            }
        }

        fn collect_possibly_rest(
            this: &mut ExprCollector<'_>,
            expr: ast::Expr,
        ) -> Either<PatId, ()> {
            match &expr {
                ast::Expr::RangeExpr(e) if e.is_range_full() => Either::Right(()),
                ast::Expr::MacroExpr(mac) => match mac.macro_call() {
                    Some(call) => {
                        let macro_ptr = AstPtr::new(&call);
                        let pat = this.collect_macro_call(
                            call,
                            macro_ptr,
                            true,
                            |this, expanded_expr| match expanded_expr {
                                Some(expanded_pat) => collect_possibly_rest(this, expanded_pat),
                                None => Either::Left(this.missing_pat()),
                            },
                        );
                        if let Either::Left(pat) = pat {
                            let src = this.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&expr).wrap_left());
                            this.store.pat_map_back.insert(pat, src);
                        }
                        pat
                    }
                    None => {
                        let ptr = AstPtr::new(&expr);
                        Either::Left(this.alloc_pat_from_expr(Pat::Missing, ptr))
                    }
                },
                _ => Either::Left(this.collect_expr_as_pat(expr)),
            }
        }

        fn collect_tuple(
            this: &mut ExprCollector<'_>,
            fields: ast::AstChildren<ast::Expr>,
        ) -> (Option<u32>, Box<[la_arena::Idx<Pat>]>) {
            let mut ellipsis = None;
            let args = fields
                .enumerate()
                .filter_map(|(idx, elem)| {
                    match collect_possibly_rest(this, elem) {
                        Either::Left(pat) => Some(pat),
                        Either::Right(()) => {
                            if ellipsis.is_none() {
                                ellipsis = Some(idx as u32);
                            }
                            // FIXME: Report an error here otherwise.
                            None
                        }
                    }
                })
                .collect();
            (ellipsis, args)
        }
    }

    /// The callback should return two exprs: the first is the bindings owner, the second is the expr to return.
    fn with_binding_owner_and_return(
        &mut self,
        create_expr: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> (ExprId, ExprId),
    ) -> ExprId {
        let prev_unowned_bindings_len = self.unowned_bindings.len();
        let (bindings_owner, expr_to_return) = create_expr(self);
        for binding in self.unowned_bindings.drain(prev_unowned_bindings_len..) {
            self.store.binding_owners.insert(binding, bindings_owner);
        }
        expr_to_return
    }

    fn with_binding_owner(&mut self, create_expr: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> ExprId) -> ExprId {
        self.with_binding_owner_and_return(move |this| {
            let expr = create_expr(this);
            (expr, expr)
        })
    }

    /// Desugar `try { <stmts>; <expr> }` into `'<new_label>: { <stmts>; ::std::ops::Try::from_output(<expr>) }`,
    /// `try { <stmts>; }` into `'<new_label>: { <stmts>; ::std::ops::Try::from_output(()) }`
    /// and save the `<new_label>` to use it as a break target for desugaring of the `?` operator.
    fn desugar_try_block(&mut self, e: BlockExpr, result_type: Option<ast::Type>) -> ExprId {
        let try_from_output = self.lang_path(self.lang_items().TryTraitFromOutput);
        let label = self.generate_new_name();
        let label = self.alloc_label_desugared(Label { name: label }, AstPtr::new(&e).wrap_right());
        let try_block_info = match result_type {
            Some(_) => TryBlock::Heterogeneous { label },
            None => TryBlock::Homogeneous { label },
        };
        let old_try_block = self.current_try_block.replace(try_block_info);

        let ptr = AstPtr::new(&e).upcast();
        let (btail, expr_id) = self.with_labeled_rib(label, HygieneId::ROOT, |this| {
            let mut btail = None;
            let block = this.collect_block_(e, |_, id, statements, tail| {
                btail = tail;
                Expr::Block { id, statements, tail, label: Some(label) }
            });
            (btail, block)
        });

        let callee = self
            .alloc_expr_desugared_with_ptr(try_from_output.map_or(Expr::Missing, Expr::Path), ptr);
        let next_tail = match btail {
            Some(tail) => self
                .alloc_expr_desugared_with_ptr(Expr::Call { callee, args: Box::new([tail]) }, ptr),
            None => {
                let unit =
                    self.alloc_expr_desugared_with_ptr(Expr::Tuple { exprs: Box::new([]) }, ptr);
                self.alloc_expr_desugared_with_ptr(
                    Expr::Call { callee, args: Box::new([unit]) },
                    ptr,
                )
            }
        };
        let Expr::Block { tail, .. } = &mut self.store.exprs[expr_id] else {
            unreachable!("block was lowered to non-block");
        };
        *tail = Some(next_tail);
        self.current_try_block = old_try_block;
        match result_type {
            Some(ty) => {
                // `{ let <name>: <ty> = <expr>; <name> }`
                let name = self.generate_new_name();
                let type_ref = self.lower_type_ref_disallow_impl_trait(ty);
                let binding = self.alloc_binding(
                    name.clone(),
                    BindingAnnotation::Unannotated,
                    HygieneId::ROOT,
                );
                let pat = self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::Bind { id: binding, subpat: None });
                self.add_definition_to_binding(binding, pat);
                let tail_expr =
                    self.alloc_expr_desugared_with_ptr(Expr::Path(Path::from(name)), ptr);
                self.alloc_expr_desugared_with_ptr(
                    Expr::Block {
                        id: None,
                        statements: Box::new([Statement::Let {
                            pat,
                            type_ref: Some(type_ref),
                            initializer: Some(expr_id),
                            else_branch: None,
                        }]),
                        tail: Some(tail_expr),
                        label: None,
                    },
                    ptr,
                )
            }
            None => expr_id,
        }
    }

    /// Desugar `ast::WhileExpr` from: `[opt_ident]: while <cond> <body>` into:
    /// ```ignore (pseudo-rust)
    /// [opt_ident]: loop {
    ///   if <cond> {
    ///     <body>
    ///   }
    ///   else {
    ///     break;
    ///   }
    /// }
    /// ```
    /// FIXME: Rustc wraps the condition in a construct equivalent to `{ let _t = <cond>; _t }`
    /// to preserve drop semantics. We should probably do the same in future.
    fn collect_while_loop(&mut self, syntax_ptr: AstPtr<ast::Expr>, e: ast::WhileExpr) -> ExprId {
        let label = e.label().map(|label| {
            (self.hygiene_id_for(label.syntax().text_range()), self.collect_label(label))
        });
        let body = self.collect_labelled_block_opt(label, e.loop_body());

        // Labels can also be used in the condition expression, like this:
        // ```
        // fn main() {
        //     let mut optional = Some(0);
        //     'my_label: while let Some(a) = match optional {
        //         None => break 'my_label,
        //         Some(val) => Some(val),
        //     } {
        //         println!("{}", a);
        //         optional = None;
        //     }
        // }
        // ```
        let condition = match label {
            Some((label_hygiene, label)) => self.with_labeled_rib(label, label_hygiene, |this| {
                this.collect_expr_opt(e.condition())
            }),
            None => self.collect_expr_opt(e.condition()),
        };

        let break_expr = self.alloc_expr(Expr::Break { expr: None, label: None }, syntax_ptr);
        let if_expr = self.alloc_expr(
            Expr::If { condition, then_branch: body, else_branch: Some(break_expr) },
            syntax_ptr,
        );
        self.alloc_expr(Expr::Loop { body: if_expr, label: label.map(|it| it.1) }, syntax_ptr)
    }

    /// Desugar `ast::ForExpr` from: `[opt_ident]: for <pat> in <head> <body>` into:
    /// ```ignore (pseudo-rust)
    /// match IntoIterator::into_iter(<head>) {
    ///     mut iter => {
    ///         [opt_ident]: loop {
    ///             match Iterator::next(&mut iter) {
    ///                 None => break,
    ///                 Some(<pat>) => <body>,
    ///             };
    ///         }
    ///     }
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn collect_for_loop(&mut self, syntax_ptr: AstPtr<ast::Expr>, e: ast::ForExpr) -> ExprId {
        let lang_items = self.lang_items();
        let (Some(into_iter_fn), Some(iter_next_fn), Some(option_some), Some(option_none)) = (
            self.lang_path(lang_items.IntoIterIntoIter),
            self.lang_path(lang_items.IteratorNext),
            self.lang_path(lang_items.OptionSome),
            self.lang_path(lang_items.OptionNone),
        ) else {
            return self.missing_expr();
        };
        let head = self.collect_expr_opt(e.iterable());
        let into_iter_fn_expr = self.alloc_expr(Expr::Path(into_iter_fn), syntax_ptr);
        let iterator = self.alloc_expr(
            Expr::Call { callee: into_iter_fn_expr, args: Box::new([head]) },
            syntax_ptr,
        );
        let none_arm = MatchArm {
            pat: self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::Path(option_none)),
            guard: None,
            expr: self.alloc_expr(Expr::Break { expr: None, label: None }, syntax_ptr),
        };
        let some_pat = Pat::TupleStruct {
            path: option_some,
            args: Box::new([self.collect_pat_top(e.pat())]),
            ellipsis: None,
        };
        let label = e.label().map(|label| {
            (self.hygiene_id_for(label.syntax().text_range()), self.collect_label(label))
        });
        let some_arm = MatchArm {
            pat: self.alloc_pat_desugared(some_pat),
            guard: None,
            expr: self.with_opt_labeled_rib(label, |this| {
                this.collect_expr_opt(e.loop_body().map(|it| it.into()))
            }),
        };
        let iter_name = self.generate_new_name();
        let iter_expr = self.alloc_expr(Expr::Path(Path::from(iter_name.clone())), syntax_ptr);
        let iter_expr_mut = self.alloc_expr(
            Expr::Ref { expr: iter_expr, rawness: Rawness::Ref, mutability: Mutability::Mut },
            syntax_ptr,
        );
        let iter_next_fn_expr = self.alloc_expr(Expr::Path(iter_next_fn), syntax_ptr);
        let iter_next_expr = self.alloc_expr(
            Expr::Call { callee: iter_next_fn_expr, args: Box::new([iter_expr_mut]) },
            syntax_ptr,
        );
        let loop_inner = self.alloc_expr(
            Expr::Match { expr: iter_next_expr, arms: Box::new([none_arm, some_arm]) },
            syntax_ptr,
        );
        let loop_inner = self.alloc_expr(
            Expr::Block {
                id: None,
                statements: Box::default(),
                tail: Some(loop_inner),
                label: None,
            },
            syntax_ptr,
        );
        let loop_outer = self
            .alloc_expr(Expr::Loop { body: loop_inner, label: label.map(|it| it.1) }, syntax_ptr);
        let iter_binding =
            self.alloc_binding(iter_name, BindingAnnotation::Mutable, HygieneId::ROOT);
        let iter_pat = self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::Bind { id: iter_binding, subpat: None });
        self.add_definition_to_binding(iter_binding, iter_pat);
        self.alloc_expr(
            Expr::Match {
                expr: iterator,
                arms: Box::new([MatchArm { pat: iter_pat, guard: None, expr: loop_outer }]),
            },
            syntax_ptr,
        )
    }

    /// Desugar `ast::TryExpr` from: `<expr>?` into:
    /// ```ignore (pseudo-rust)
    /// match Try::branch(<expr>) {
    ///     ControlFlow::Continue(val) => val,
    ///     ControlFlow::Break(residual) =>
    ///         // If there is an enclosing `try {...}`:
    ///         break 'catch_target Residual::into_try_type(residual),
    ///         // If there is an enclosing `try bikeshed Ty {...}`:
    ///         break 'catch_target Try::from_residual(residual),
    ///         // Otherwise:
    ///         return Try::from_residual(residual),
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn collect_try_operator(&mut self, syntax_ptr: AstPtr<ast::Expr>, e: ast::TryExpr) -> ExprId {
        let lang_items = self.lang_items();
        let (Some(try_branch), Some(cf_continue), Some(cf_break)) = (
            self.lang_path(lang_items.TryTraitBranch),
            self.lang_path(lang_items.ControlFlowContinue),
            self.lang_path(lang_items.ControlFlowBreak),
        ) else {
            return self.missing_expr();
        };
        let operand = self.collect_expr_opt(e.expr());
        let try_branch = self.alloc_expr(Expr::Path(try_branch), syntax_ptr);
        let expr = self
            .alloc_expr(Expr::Call { callee: try_branch, args: Box::new([operand]) }, syntax_ptr);
        let continue_name = self.generate_new_name();
        let continue_binding = self.alloc_binding(
            continue_name.clone(),
            BindingAnnotation::Unannotated,
            HygieneId::ROOT,
        );
        let continue_bpat =
            self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::Bind { id: continue_binding, subpat: None });
        self.add_definition_to_binding(continue_binding, continue_bpat);
        let continue_arm = MatchArm {
            pat: self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::TupleStruct {
                path: cf_continue,
                args: Box::new([continue_bpat]),
                ellipsis: None,
            }),
            guard: None,
            expr: self.alloc_expr(Expr::Path(Path::from(continue_name)), syntax_ptr),
        };
        let break_name = self.generate_new_name();
        let break_binding =
            self.alloc_binding(break_name.clone(), BindingAnnotation::Unannotated, HygieneId::ROOT);
        let break_bpat = self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::Bind { id: break_binding, subpat: None });
        self.add_definition_to_binding(break_binding, break_bpat);
        let break_arm = MatchArm {
            pat: self.alloc_pat_desugared(Pat::TupleStruct {
                path: cf_break,
                args: Box::new([break_bpat]),
                ellipsis: None,
            }),
            guard: None,
            expr: {
                let it = self.alloc_expr(Expr::Path(Path::from(break_name)), syntax_ptr);
                let convert_fn = match self.current_try_block {
                    Some(TryBlock::Homogeneous { .. }) => {
                        self.lang_path(lang_items.ResidualIntoTryType)
                    }
                    Some(TryBlock::Heterogeneous { .. }) | None => {
                        self.lang_path(lang_items.TryTraitFromResidual)
                    }
                };
                let callee =
                    self.alloc_expr(convert_fn.map_or(Expr::Missing, Expr::Path), syntax_ptr);
                let result =
                    self.alloc_expr(Expr::Call { callee, args: Box::new([it]) }, syntax_ptr);
                self.alloc_expr(
                    match self.current_try_block {
                        Some(
                            TryBlock::Heterogeneous { label } | TryBlock::Homogeneous { label },
                        ) => Expr::Break { expr: Some(result), label: Some(label) },
                        None => Expr::Return { expr: Some(result) },
                    },
                    syntax_ptr,
                )
            },
        };
        let arms = Box::new([continue_arm, break_arm]);
        self.alloc_expr(Expr::Match { expr, arms }, syntax_ptr)
    }

    fn collect_macro_call<T, U>(
        &mut self,
        mcall: ast::MacroCall,
        syntax_ptr: AstPtr<ast::MacroCall>,
        record_diagnostics: bool,
        collector: impl FnOnce(&mut Self, Option<T>) -> U,
    ) -> U
    where
        T: ast::AstNode,
    {
        let macro_call_ptr = self.expander.in_file(syntax_ptr);

        let block_call = self.def_map.modules[self.module].scope.macro_invoc(
            self.expander.in_file(self.expander.ast_id_map().ast_id_for_ptr(syntax_ptr)),
        );
        let res = match block_call {
            // fast path, macro call is in a block module
            Some(call) => Ok(self.expander.enter_expand_id(self.db, call)),
            None => {
                let resolver = |path: &_| {
                    self.def_map
                        .resolve_path(
                            self.local_def_map,
                            self.db,
                            self.module,
                            path,
                            crate::item_scope::BuiltinShadowMode::Other,
                            Some(MacroSubNs::Bang),
                        )
                        .0
                        .take_macros()
                };
                self.expander.enter_expand(
                    self.db,
                    mcall,
                    self.krate,
                    resolver,
                    &mut |ptr, call| {
                        _ = self.store.expansions.insert(ptr.map(|(it, _)| it), call);
                    },
                )
            }
        };

        let res = match res {
            Ok(res) => res,
            Err(UnresolvedMacro { path }) => {
                if record_diagnostics {
                    self.store.diagnostics.push(ExpressionStoreDiagnostics::UnresolvedMacroCall {
                        node: self.expander.in_file(syntax_ptr),
                        path,
                    });
                }
                return collector(self, None);
            }
        };
        // No need to push macro and parsing errors as they'll be recreated from `macro_calls()`.

        match res.value {
            Some((mark, expansion)) => {
                // Keep collecting even with expansion errors so we can provide completions and
                // other services in incomplete macro expressions.
                if let Some(macro_file) = self.expander.current_file_id().macro_file() {
                    self.store.expansions.insert(macro_call_ptr, macro_file);
                }

                let id = collector(self, expansion.map(|it| it.tree()));
                self.expander.exit(mark);
                id
            }
            None => collector(self, None),
        }
    }

    fn collect_macro_as_stmt(
        &mut self,
        statements: &mut Vec<Statement>,
        mac: ast::MacroExpr,
    ) -> Option<ExprId> {
        let mac_call = mac.macro_call()?;
        let syntax_ptr = AstPtr::new(&ast::Expr::from(mac));
        let macro_ptr = AstPtr::new(&mac_call);
        let expansion = self.collect_macro_call(
            mac_call,
            macro_ptr,
            false,
            |this, expansion: Option<ast::MacroStmts>| match expansion {
                Some(expansion) => {
                    expansion.statements().for_each(|stmt| this.collect_stmt(statements, stmt));
                    expansion.expr().and_then(|expr| match expr {
                        ast::Expr::MacroExpr(mac) => this.collect_macro_as_stmt(statements, mac),
                        expr => Some(this.collect_expr(expr)),
                    })
                }
                None => None,
            },
        );
        expansion.inspect(|&tail| {
            // Make the macro-call point to its expanded expression so we can query
            // semantics on syntax pointers to the macro
            let src = self.expander.in_file(syntax_ptr);
            self.store.expr_map.insert(src, tail.into());
        })
    }

    fn collect_stmt(&mut self, statements: &mut Vec<Statement>, s: ast::Stmt) {
        match s {
            ast::Stmt::LetStmt(stmt) => {
                if !self.check_cfg(&stmt) {
                    return;
                }
                let pat = self.collect_pat_top(stmt.pat());
                let type_ref = stmt.ty().map(|it| self.lower_type_ref_disallow_impl_trait(it));
                let initializer = stmt.initializer().map(|e| self.collect_expr(e));
                let else_branch = stmt
                    .let_else()
                    .and_then(|let_else| let_else.block_expr())
                    .map(|block| self.collect_block(block));
                statements.push(Statement::Let { pat, type_ref, initializer, else_branch });
            }
            ast::Stmt::ExprStmt(stmt) => {
                let expr = stmt.expr();
                match &expr {
                    Some(expr) if !self.check_cfg(expr) => return,
                    _ => (),
                }
                let has_semi = stmt.semicolon_token().is_some();
                // Note that macro could be expanded to multiple statements
                if let Some(ast::Expr::MacroExpr(mac)) = expr {
                    if let Some(expr) = self.collect_macro_as_stmt(statements, mac) {
                        statements.push(Statement::Expr { expr, has_semi })
                    }
                } else {
                    let expr = self.collect_expr_opt(expr);
                    statements.push(Statement::Expr { expr, has_semi });
                }
            }
            ast::Stmt::Item(ast::Item::MacroDef(macro_)) => {
                if !self.check_cfg(&macro_) {
                    return;
                }
                let Some(name) = macro_.name() else {
                    statements.push(Statement::Item(Item::Other));
                    return;
                };
                let name = name.as_name();
                let macro_id =
                    self.def_map.modules[self.def_map.root].scope.get(&name).take_macros();
                self.collect_macro_def(statements, macro_id);
            }
            ast::Stmt::Item(ast::Item::MacroRules(macro_)) => {
                if !self.check_cfg(&macro_) {
                    return;
                }
                let Some(name) = macro_.name() else {
                    statements.push(Statement::Item(Item::Other));
                    return;
                };
                let name = name.as_name();
                let macro_defs_count =
                    self.current_block_legacy_macro_defs_count.entry(name.clone()).or_insert(0);
                let macro_id = self.def_map.modules[self.def_map.root]
                    .scope
                    .get_legacy_macro(&name)
                    .and_then(|it| it.get(*macro_defs_count))
                    .copied();
                *macro_defs_count += 1;
                self.collect_macro_def(statements, macro_id);
            }
            ast::Stmt::Item(_item) => statements.push(Statement::Item(Item::Other)),
        }
    }

    fn collect_macro_def(&mut self, statements: &mut Vec<Statement>, macro_id: Option<MacroId>) {
        let Some(macro_id) = macro_id else {
            never!("def map should have macro definition, but it doesn't");
            statements.push(Statement::Item(Item::Other));
            return;
        };
        let macro_id = self.db.macro_def(macro_id);
        statements.push(Statement::Item(Item::MacroDef(Box::new(macro_id))));
        self.label_ribs.push(LabelRib::new(RibKind::MacroDef(Box::new(macro_id))));
    }

    fn collect_block(&mut self, block: ast::BlockExpr) -> ExprId {
        self.collect_block_(block, |_, id, statements, tail| Expr::Block {
            id,
            statements,
            tail,
            label: None,
        })
    }

    fn collect_block_(
        &mut self,
        block: ast::BlockExpr,
        mk_block: impl FnOnce(&mut Self, Option<BlockId>, Box<[Statement]>, Option<ExprId>) -> Expr,
    ) -> ExprId {
        let block_id = self.expander.ast_id_map().ast_id_for_block(&block).map(|file_local_id| {
            let ast_id = self.expander.in_file(file_local_id);
            BlockId::new(self.db, BlockLoc { ast_id, module: self.module })
        });

        let (module, def_map) =
            match block_id.map(|block_id| (block_def_map(self.db, block_id), block_id)) {
                Some((def_map, block_id)) => {
                    self.store.block_scopes.push(block_id);
                    (def_map.root_module_id(), def_map)
                }
                None => (self.module, self.def_map),
            };
        let prev_def_map = mem::replace(&mut self.def_map, def_map);
        let prev_local_module = mem::replace(&mut self.module, module);
        let prev_legacy_macros_count = mem::take(&mut self.current_block_legacy_macro_defs_count);

        let mut statements = Vec::new();
        block.statements().for_each(|s| self.collect_stmt(&mut statements, s));
        let tail = block.tail_expr().and_then(|e| match e {
            ast::Expr::MacroExpr(mac) => self.collect_macro_as_stmt(&mut statements, mac),
            expr => self.maybe_collect_expr(expr),
        });
        let tail = tail.or_else(|| {
            let stmt = statements.pop()?;
            if let Statement::Expr { expr, has_semi: false } = stmt {
                return Some(expr);
            }
            statements.push(stmt);
            None
        });

        let syntax_node_ptr = AstPtr::new(&block.into());
        let expr = mk_block(self, block_id, statements.into_boxed_slice(), tail);
        let expr_id = self.alloc_expr(expr, syntax_node_ptr);

        self.def_map = prev_def_map;
        self.module = prev_local_module;
        self.current_block_legacy_macro_defs_count = prev_legacy_macros_count;
        expr_id
    }

    fn collect_block_opt(&mut self, expr: Option<ast::BlockExpr>) -> ExprId {
        match expr {
            Some(block) => self.collect_block(block),
            None => self.missing_expr(),
        }
    }

    fn collect_labelled_block_opt(
        &mut self,
        label: Option<(HygieneId, LabelId)>,
        expr: Option<ast::BlockExpr>,
    ) -> ExprId {
        match label {
            Some((hygiene, label)) => {
                self.with_labeled_rib(label, hygiene, |this| this.collect_block_opt(expr))
            }
            None => self.collect_block_opt(expr),
        }
    }

    fn collect_extern_fn_param(&mut self, pat: Option<ast::Pat>) -> PatId {
        // `extern` functions cannot have pattern-matched parameters, and furthermore, the identifiers
        // in their parameters are always interpreted as bindings, even if in a normal function they
        // won't be, because they would refer to a path pattern.
        let Some(pat) = pat else { return self.missing_pat() };

        match &pat {
            ast::Pat::IdentPat(bp) if bp.is_simple_ident() => {
                let name = bp.name().map(|nr| nr.as_name()).unwrap_or_else(Name::missing);
                let hygiene = bp
                    .name()
                    .map(|name| self.hygiene_id_for(name.syntax().text_range()))
                    .unwrap_or(HygieneId::ROOT);
                let binding = self.alloc_binding(name, BindingAnnotation::Unannotated, hygiene);
                let pat =
                    self.alloc_pat(Pat::Bind { id: binding, subpat: None }, AstPtr::new(&pat));
                self.add_definition_to_binding(binding, pat);
                pat
            }
            _ => {
                self.store.diagnostics.push(ExpressionStoreDiagnostics::PatternArgInExternFn {
                    node: self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&pat)),
                });
                self.missing_pat()
            }
        }
    }

    // region: patterns

    fn collect_pat_top(&mut self, pat: Option<ast::Pat>) -> PatId {
        match pat {
            Some(pat) => self.collect_pat(pat, &mut BindingList::default()),
            None => self.missing_pat(),
        }
    }

    fn collect_pat(&mut self, pat: ast::Pat, binding_list: &mut BindingList) -> PatId {
        let pattern = match &pat {
            ast::Pat::IdentPat(bp) => {
                let name = bp.name().map(|nr| nr.as_name()).unwrap_or_else(Name::missing);
                let hygiene = bp
                    .name()
                    .map(|name| self.hygiene_id_for(name.syntax().text_range()))
                    .unwrap_or(HygieneId::ROOT);

                let annotation =
                    BindingAnnotation::new(bp.mut_token().is_some(), bp.ref_token().is_some());
                let subpat = bp.pat().map(|subpat| self.collect_pat(subpat, binding_list));

                let is_simple_ident_pat =
                    annotation == BindingAnnotation::Unannotated && subpat.is_none();
                let (binding, pattern) = if is_simple_ident_pat {
                    // This could also be a single-segment path pattern. To
                    // decide that, we need to try resolving the name.
                    let (resolved, _) = self.def_map.resolve_path(
                        self.local_def_map,
                        self.db,
                        self.module,
                        &name.clone().into(),
                        BuiltinShadowMode::Other,
                        None,
                    );
                    // Funnily enough, record structs/variants *can* be shadowed
                    // by pattern bindings (but unit or tuple structs/variants
                    // can't).
                    match resolved.take_values() {
                        Some(ModuleDefId::ConstId(_)) => (None, Pat::Path(name.into())),
                        Some(ModuleDefId::EnumVariantId(variant))
                        // FIXME: This can cause a cycle if the user is writing invalid code
                            if variant.fields(self.db).shape != FieldsShape::Record =>
                        {
                            (None, Pat::Path(name.into()))
                        }
                        Some(ModuleDefId::AdtId(AdtId::StructId(s)))
                        // FIXME: This can cause a cycle if the user is writing invalid code
                            if StructSignature::of(self.db, s).shape != FieldsShape::Record =>
                        {
                            (None, Pat::Path(name.into()))
                        }
                        // shadowing statics is an error as well, so we just ignore that case here
                        _ => {
                            let id = binding_list.find(self, name, hygiene, annotation);
                            (Some(id), Pat::Bind { id, subpat })
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    let id = binding_list.find(self, name, hygiene, annotation);
                    (Some(id), Pat::Bind { id, subpat })
                };

                let ptr = AstPtr::new(&pat);
                let pat = self.alloc_pat(pattern, ptr);
                if let Some(binding_id) = binding {
                    self.add_definition_to_binding(binding_id, pat);
                }
                return pat;
            }
            ast::Pat::TupleStructPat(p) => {
                let path = p
                    .path()
                    .and_then(|path| self.lower_path(path, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator));
                let Some(path) = path else {
                    return self.missing_pat();
                };
                let (args, ellipsis) = self.collect_tuple_pat(
                    p.fields(),
                    comma_follows_token(p.l_paren_token()),
                    binding_list,
                );
                Pat::TupleStruct { path, args, ellipsis }
            }
            ast::Pat::RefPat(p) => {
                let pat = self.collect_pat_opt(p.pat(), binding_list);
                let mutability = Mutability::from_mutable(p.mut_token().is_some());
                Pat::Ref { pat, mutability }
            }
            ast::Pat::PathPat(p) => {
                let path = p
                    .path()
                    .and_then(|path| self.lower_path(path, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator));
                path.map(Pat::Path).unwrap_or(Pat::Missing)
            }
            ast::Pat::OrPat(p) => 'b: {
                let prev_is_used = mem::take(&mut binding_list.is_used);
                let prev_reject_new = mem::take(&mut binding_list.reject_new);
                let mut pats = Vec::with_capacity(p.pats().count());
                let mut it = p.pats();
                let Some(first) = it.next() else {
                    break 'b Pat::Or(Box::new([]));
                };
                pats.push(self.collect_pat(first, binding_list));
                binding_list.reject_new = true;
                for rest in it {
                    for (_, it) in binding_list.is_used.iter_mut() {
                        *it = false;
                    }
                    pats.push(self.collect_pat(rest, binding_list));
                    for (&id, &is_used) in binding_list.is_used.iter() {
                        if !is_used {
                            self.store.bindings[id].problems =
                                Some(BindingProblems::NotBoundAcrossAll);
                        }
                    }
                }
                binding_list.reject_new = prev_reject_new;
                let current_is_used = mem::replace(&mut binding_list.is_used, prev_is_used);
                for (id, _) in current_is_used.into_iter() {
                    binding_list.check_is_used(self, id);
                }
                if let &[pat] = &*pats {
                    // Leading pipe without real OR pattern. Leaving an one-item OR pattern may confuse later stages.
                    return pat;
                }
                Pat::Or(pats.into())
            }
            ast::Pat::ParenPat(p) => return self.collect_pat_opt(p.pat(), binding_list),
            ast::Pat::TuplePat(p) => {
                let (args, ellipsis) = self.collect_tuple_pat(
                    p.fields(),
                    comma_follows_token(p.l_paren_token()),
                    binding_list,
                );
                Pat::Tuple { args, ellipsis }
            }
            ast::Pat::WildcardPat(_) => Pat::Wild,
            ast::Pat::RecordPat(p) => {
                let path = p
                    .path()
                    .and_then(|path| self.lower_path(path, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator));
                let Some(path) = path else {
                    return self.missing_pat();
                };
                let record_pat_field_list =
                    &p.record_pat_field_list().expect("every struct should have a field list");
                let args = record_pat_field_list
                    .fields()
                    .filter_map(|f| {
                        if !self.check_cfg(&f) {
                            return None;
                        }
                        let ast_pat = f.pat()?;
                        let pat = self.collect_pat(ast_pat, binding_list);
                        let name = f.field_name()?.as_name();
                        let src = self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&f).wrap_right());
                        self.store.pat_field_map_back.insert(pat, src);
                        Some(RecordFieldPat { name, pat })
                    })
                    .collect();

                let ellipsis = record_pat_field_list.rest_pat().is_some();

                Pat::Record { path, args, ellipsis }
            }
            ast::Pat::SlicePat(p) => {
                let SlicePatComponents { prefix, slice, suffix } = p.components();

                Pat::Slice {
                    prefix: prefix.into_iter().map(|p| self.collect_pat(p, binding_list)).collect(),
                    slice: slice.map(|p| self.collect_pat(p, binding_list)),
                    suffix: suffix.into_iter().map(|p| self.collect_pat(p, binding_list)).collect(),
                }
            }
            ast::Pat::LiteralPat(lit) => 'b: {
                let Some((hir_lit, ast_lit)) = pat_literal_to_hir(lit) else {
                    break 'b Pat::Missing;
                };
                let expr = Expr::Literal(hir_lit);
                let expr_ptr = AstPtr::new(&ast::Expr::Literal(ast_lit));
                let expr_id = self.alloc_expr(expr, expr_ptr);
                Pat::Lit(expr_id)
            }
            ast::Pat::RestPat(_) => Pat::Rest,
            ast::Pat::BoxPat(boxpat) => {
                let inner = self.collect_pat_opt(boxpat.pat(), binding_list);
                Pat::Box { inner }
            }
            ast::Pat::DerefPat(inner) => {
                let inner = self.collect_pat_opt(inner.pat(), binding_list);
                Pat::Deref { inner }
            }
            ast::Pat::NotNull(_) => Pat::NotNull,
            ast::Pat::ConstBlockPat(const_block_pat) => {
                if let Some(block) = const_block_pat.block_expr() {
                    let expr_id = self.with_label_rib(RibKind::Constant, |this| {
                        this.with_binding_owner(|this| this.collect_block(block))
                    });
                    Pat::ConstBlock(expr_id)
                } else {
                    Pat::Missing
                }
            }
            ast::Pat::MacroPat(mac) => match mac.macro_call() {
                Some(call) => {
                    let macro_ptr = AstPtr::new(&call);
                    let src = self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&pat));
                    let pat =
                        self.collect_macro_call(call, macro_ptr, true, |this, expanded_pat| {
                            this.collect_pat_opt(expanded_pat, binding_list)
                        });
                    self.store.pat_map.insert(src, pat.into());
                    return pat;
                }
                None => Pat::Missing,
            },
            ast::Pat::RangePat(p) => {
                let mut range_part_lower = |p: Option<ast::Pat>| -> Option<ExprId> {
                    p.and_then(|it| {
                        let ptr = PatPtr::new(&it);
                        match &it {
                            ast::Pat::LiteralPat(it) => Some(self.alloc_expr_from_pat(
                                Expr::Literal(pat_literal_to_hir(it)?.0),
                                ptr,
                            )),
                            ast::Pat::IdentPat(ident) if ident.is_simple_ident() => ident
                                .name()
                                .map(|name| name.as_name())
                                .map(Path::from)
                                .map(|path| self.alloc_expr_from_pat(Expr::Path(path), ptr)),
                            ast::Pat::PathPat(p) => p
                                .path()
                                .and_then(|path| {
                                    self.lower_path(path, &mut Self::impl_trait_error_allocator)
                                })
                                .map(|parsed| self.alloc_expr_from_pat(Expr::Path(parsed), ptr)),
                            // We only need to handle literal, ident (if bare) and path patterns here,
                            // as any other pattern as a range pattern operand is semantically invalid.
                            _ => None,
                        }
                    })
                };
                let start = range_part_lower(p.start());
                let end = range_part_lower(p.end());
                match p.op_kind() {
                    Some(range_type) => Pat::Range { start, end, range_type },
                    None => Pat::Missing,
                }
            }
        };
        let ptr = AstPtr::new(&pat);
        self.alloc_pat(pattern, ptr)
    }

    fn collect_pat_opt(&mut self, pat: Option<ast::Pat>, binding_list: &mut BindingList) -> PatId {
        match pat {
            Some(pat) => self.collect_pat(pat, binding_list),
            None => self.missing_pat(),
        }
    }

    fn collect_tuple_pat(
        &mut self,
        args: AstChildren<ast::Pat>,
        has_leading_comma: bool,
        binding_list: &mut BindingList,
    ) -> (Box<[PatId]>, Option<u32>) {
        let args: Vec<_> = args.map(|p| self.collect_pat_possibly_rest(p, binding_list)).collect();
        // Find the location of the `..`, if there is one. Note that we do not
        // consider the possibility of there being multiple `..` here.
        let ellipsis = args.iter().position(|p| p.is_right()).map(|it| it as u32);

        // We want to skip the `..` pattern here, since we account for it above.
        let mut args: Vec<_> = args.into_iter().filter_map(Either::left).collect();
        // if there is a leading comma, the user is most likely to type out a leading pattern
        // so we insert a missing pattern at the beginning for IDE features
        if has_leading_comma {
            args.insert(0, self.missing_pat());
        }

        (args.into_boxed_slice(), ellipsis)
    }

    // `collect_pat` rejects `ast::Pat::RestPat`, but it should be handled in some cases that
    // it is the macro expansion result of an arg sub-pattern in a slice or tuple pattern.
    fn collect_pat_possibly_rest(
        &mut self,
        pat: ast::Pat,
        binding_list: &mut BindingList,
    ) -> Either<PatId, ()> {
        match &pat {
            ast::Pat::RestPat(_) => Either::Right(()),
            ast::Pat::MacroPat(mac) => match mac.macro_call() {
                Some(call) => {
                    let macro_ptr = AstPtr::new(&call);
                    let src = self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&pat));
                    let pat =
                        self.collect_macro_call(call, macro_ptr, true, |this, expanded_pat| {
                            if let Some(expanded_pat) = expanded_pat {
                                this.collect_pat_possibly_rest(expanded_pat, binding_list)
                            } else {
                                Either::Left(this.missing_pat())
                            }
                        });
                    if let Some(pat) = pat.left() {
                        self.store.pat_map.insert(src, pat.into());
                    }
                    pat
                }
                None => {
                    let ptr = AstPtr::new(&pat);
                    Either::Left(self.alloc_pat(Pat::Missing, ptr))
                }
            },
            _ => Either::Left(self.collect_pat(pat, binding_list)),
        }
    }

    fn collect_ty_pat_opt(&mut self, pat: Option<ast::Pat>) -> PatId {
        match pat {
            Some(pat) => self.collect_ty_pat(pat),
            None => self.missing_pat(),
        }
    }

    fn collect_ty_pat(&mut self, pat: ast::Pat) -> PatId {
        let ptr = AstPtr::new(&pat);
        match pat {
            ast::Pat::NotNull(_) => self.alloc_pat(Pat::NotNull, ptr),
            ast::Pat::OrPat(pat) => {
                let pat = pat.pats().map(|pat| self.collect_ty_pat(pat)).collect();
                self.alloc_pat(Pat::Or(pat), ptr)
            }
            ast::Pat::RangePat(range_pat) => {
                let start = range_pat
                    .start()
                    .map(|pat| {
                        self.with_fresh_binding_expr_root(|this| this.lower_ty_pat_range_side(pat))
                    })
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.lower_ty_pat_range_end(self.lang_items().RangeMin));
                let end = range_pat
                    .end()
                    .map(|pat| match range_pat.op_kind() {
                        Some(ast::RangeOp::Inclusive) | None => self
                            .with_fresh_binding_expr_root(|this| this.lower_ty_pat_range_side(pat)),
                        Some(ast::RangeOp::Exclusive) => self.lower_excluded_range_end(pat),
                    })
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.lower_ty_pat_range_end(self.lang_items().RangeMax));
                self.alloc_pat(
                    Pat::Range {
                        start: Some(start),
                        end: Some(end),
                        range_type: ast::RangeOp::Inclusive,
                    },
                    ptr,
                )
            }
            ast::Pat::MacroPat(pat) => {
                let Some(call) = pat.macro_call() else { return self.missing_pat() };
                let ptr = AstPtr::new(&call);
                self.collect_macro_call(call, ptr, true, |this, pat| this.collect_ty_pat_opt(pat))
            }
            _ => {
                // FIXME: Emit an error.
                self.alloc_pat(Pat::Missing, ptr)
            }
        }
    }

    fn lower_ty_pat_range_side(&mut self, pat: ast::Pat) -> ExprId {
        match &pat {
            ast::Pat::LiteralPat(it) => {
                let Some((literal, _)) = pat_literal_to_hir(it) else { return self.missing_expr() };
                self.alloc_expr_from_pat(Expr::Literal(literal), AstPtr::new(&pat))
            }
            _ => self.missing_expr(),
        }
    }

    /// When a range has no end specified (`1..` or `1..=`) or no start specified (`..5` or `..=5`),
    /// we instead use a constant of the MAX/MIN of the type.
    /// This way the type system does not have to handle the lack of a start/end.
    fn lower_ty_pat_range_end(&mut self, lang_item: Option<ConstId>) -> ExprId {
        self.with_fresh_binding_expr_root(|this| {
            this.alloc_expr_desugared(
                this.lang_path(lang_item).map(Expr::Path).unwrap_or(Expr::Missing),
            )
        })
    }

    /// Lowers the range end of an exclusive range (`2..5`) to an inclusive range 2..=(5 - 1).
    /// This way the type system doesn't have to handle the distinction between inclusive/exclusive ranges.
    fn lower_excluded_range_end(&mut self, pat: ast::Pat) -> ExprId {
        self.with_fresh_binding_expr_root(|this| {
            let excluded_end = this.lower_ty_pat_range_side(pat);
            let range_sub_path =
                this.lang_path(this.lang_items().RangeSub).map(Expr::Path).unwrap_or(Expr::Missing);
            let range_sub_path = this.alloc_expr_desugared(range_sub_path);
            this.alloc_expr_desugared(Expr::Call {
                callee: range_sub_path,
                args: Box::new([excluded_end]),
            })
        })
    }

    // endregion: patterns

    /// Returns `false` (and emits diagnostics) when `owner` if `#[cfg]`d out, and `true` when
    /// not.
    fn check_cfg(&mut self, owner: &dyn ast::HasAttrs) -> bool {
        let enabled = self.expander.is_cfg_enabled(owner, self.cfg_options);
        match enabled {
            Ok(()) => true,
            Err(cfg) => {
                self.store.diagnostics.push(ExpressionStoreDiagnostics::InactiveCode {
                    node: self.expander.in_file(SyntaxNodePtr::new(owner.syntax())),
                    cfg,
                    opts: self.cfg_options.clone(),
                });
                false
            }
        }
    }

    fn add_definition_to_binding(&mut self, binding_id: BindingId, pat_id: PatId) {
        self.store.binding_definitions.entry(binding_id).or_default().push(pat_id);
    }

    // region: labels

    fn collect_label(&mut self, ast_label: ast::Label) -> LabelId {
        let label = Label {
            name: ast_label
                .lifetime()
                .as_ref()
                .map_or_else(Name::missing, |lt| Name::new_lifetime(&lt.text())),
        };
        self.alloc_label(label, AstPtr::new(&ast_label))
    }

    fn resolve_label(
        &self,
        lifetime: Option<ast::Lifetime>,
    ) -> Result<Option<LabelId>, ExpressionStoreDiagnostics> {
        let Some(lifetime) = lifetime else { return Ok(None) };
        let mut hygiene_id =
            self.expander.hygiene_for_range(self.db, lifetime.syntax().text_range());
        let mut hygiene_info = if hygiene_id.is_root() {
            None
        } else {
            hygiene_id.syntax_context().outer_expn(self.db).map(|expansion| {
                let expansion = hir_expand::MacroCallId::from(expansion).loc(self.db);
                (hygiene_id.syntax_context().parent(self.db), expansion.def)
            })
        };
        let name = Name::new_lifetime(&lifetime.text());

        for (rib_idx, rib) in self.label_ribs.iter().enumerate().rev() {
            match &rib.kind {
                RibKind::Normal(label_name, id, label_hygiene)
                    if *label_name == name && *label_hygiene == hygiene_id =>
                {
                    return if self.is_label_valid_from_rib(rib_idx) {
                        Ok(Some(*id))
                    } else {
                        Err(ExpressionStoreDiagnostics::UnreachableLabel {
                            name,
                            node: self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&lifetime)),
                        })
                    };
                }
                RibKind::MacroDef(macro_id) => {
                    if let Some((parent_ctx, label_macro_id)) = hygiene_info
                        && label_macro_id == **macro_id
                    {
                        // A macro is allowed to refer to labels from before its declaration.
                        // Therefore, if we got to the rib of its declaration, give up its hygiene
                        // and use its parent expansion.

                        hygiene_id = HygieneId::new(parent_ctx.opaque_and_semiopaque(self.db));
                        hygiene_info = parent_ctx.outer_expn(self.db).map(|expansion| {
                            let expansion = hir_expand::MacroCallId::from(expansion).loc(self.db);
                            (parent_ctx.parent(self.db), expansion.def)
                        });
                    }
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        Err(ExpressionStoreDiagnostics::UndeclaredLabel {
            name,
            node: self.expander.in_file(AstPtr::new(&lifetime)),
        })
    }

    fn is_label_valid_from_rib(&self, rib_index: usize) -> bool {
        !self.label_ribs[rib_index + 1..].iter().any(|rib| rib.kind.is_label_barrier())
    }

    fn pop_label_rib(&mut self) {
        // We need to pop all macro defs, plus one rib.
        while let Some(LabelRib { kind: RibKind::MacroDef(_) }) = self.label_ribs.pop() {
            // Do nothing.
        }
    }

    fn with_label_rib<T>(&mut self, kind: RibKind, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> T) -> T {
        self.label_ribs.push(LabelRib::new(kind));
        let res = f(self);
        self.pop_label_rib();
        res
    }

    fn with_labeled_rib<T>(
        &mut self,
        label: LabelId,
        hygiene: HygieneId,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> T,
    ) -> T {
        self.label_ribs.push(LabelRib::new(RibKind::Normal(
            self.store.labels[label].name.clone(),
            label,
            hygiene,
        )));
        let res = f(self);
        self.pop_label_rib();
        res
    }

    fn with_opt_labeled_rib<T>(
        &mut self,
        label: Option<(HygieneId, LabelId)>,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> T,
    ) -> T {
        match label {
            None => f(self),
            Some((hygiene, label)) => self.with_labeled_rib(label, hygiene, f),
        }
    }
    // endregion: labels

    fn expand_macros_to_string(&mut self, expr: ast::Expr) -> Option<(ast::String, bool)> {
        let m = match expr {
            ast::Expr::MacroExpr(m) => m,
            ast::Expr::Literal(l) => {
                return match l.kind() {
                    ast::LiteralKind::String(s) => Some((s, true)),
                    _ => None,
                };
            }
            _ => return None,
        };
        let e = m.macro_call()?;
        let macro_ptr = AstPtr::new(&e);
        let (exp, _) = self.collect_macro_call(e, macro_ptr, true, |this, expansion| {
            expansion.and_then(|it| this.expand_macros_to_string(it))
        })?;
        Some((exp, false))
    }

    fn lang_path(&self, lang: Option<impl Into<LangItemTarget>>) -> Option<Path> {
        Some(Path::LangItem(lang?.into(), None))
    }

    fn ty_rel_lang_path(
        &self,
        lang: Option<impl Into<LangItemTarget>>,
        relative_name: Symbol,
    ) -> Option<Path> {
        Some(Path::LangItem(lang?.into(), Some(Name::new_symbol_root(relative_name))))
    }

    fn ty_rel_lang_path_expr(
        &self,
        lang: Option<impl Into<LangItemTarget>>,
        relative_name: Symbol,
    ) -> Expr {
        self.ty_rel_lang_path(lang, relative_name).map_or(Expr::Missing, Expr::Path)
    }
}

fn pat_literal_to_hir(lit: &ast::LiteralPat) -> Option<(Literal, ast::Literal)> {
    let ast_lit = lit.literal()?;
    let mut hir_lit: Literal = ast_lit.kind().into();
    if lit.minus_token().is_some() {
        hir_lit = hir_lit.negate()?;
    }
    Some((hir_lit, ast_lit))
}

impl ExprCollector<'_> {
    fn with_fresh_binding_expr_root(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> ExprId) -> ExprId {
        self.with_expr_root(|this| this.with_binding_owner(f))
    }

    fn with_expr_root(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> ExprId) -> ExprId {
        let inference_roots = self.store.inference_roots.take();
        let root = f(self);
        self.store.inference_roots = inference_roots;

        if let Some(inference_roots) = &mut self.store.inference_roots {
            inference_roots.push(ExprRoot {
                root,
                exprs_end: end(&self.store.exprs),
                pats_end: end(&self.store.pats),
                bindings_end: end(&self.store.bindings),
            });
        }

        return root;

        fn end<T>(arena: &la_arena::Arena<T>) -> la_arena::Idx<T> {
            la_arena::Idx::from_raw(la_arena::RawIdx::from_u32(arena.len() as u32))
        }
    }

    fn alloc_expr(&mut self, expr: Expr, ptr: ExprPtr) -> ExprId {
        let src = self.expander.in_file(ptr);
        let id = self.store.exprs.alloc(expr);
        self.store.expr_map_back.insert(id, src.map(AstPtr::wrap_left));
        self.store.expr_map.insert(src, id.into());
        id
    }
    // FIXME: desugared exprs don't have ptr, that's wrong and should be fixed.
    // Migrate to alloc_expr_desugared_with_ptr and then rename back
    fn alloc_expr_desugared(&mut self, expr: Expr) -> ExprId {
        self.store.exprs.alloc(expr)
    }
    fn alloc_expr_desugared_with_ptr(&mut self, expr: Expr, ptr: ExprPtr) -> ExprId {
        let src = self.expander.in_file(ptr);
        let id = self.store.exprs.alloc(expr);
        self.store.expr_map_back.insert(id, src.map(AstPtr::wrap_left));
        // We intentionally don't fill this as it could overwrite a non-desugared entry
        // self.store.expr_map.insert(src, id);
        id
    }
    fn missing_expr(&mut self) -> ExprId {
        self.alloc_expr_desugared(Expr::Missing)
    }

    fn alloc_binding(
        &mut self,
        name: Name,
        mode: BindingAnnotation,
        hygiene: HygieneId,
    ) -> BindingId {
        let binding = self.store.bindings.alloc(Binding { name, mode, problems: None, hygiene });
        self.unowned_bindings.push(binding);
        binding
    }

    fn alloc_pat_from_expr(&mut self, pat: Pat, ptr: ExprPtr) -> PatId {
        let src = self.expander.in_file(ptr);
        let id = self.store.pats.alloc(pat);
        self.store.expr_map.insert(src, id.into());
        self.store.pat_map_back.insert(id, src.map(AstPtr::wrap_left));
        id
    }

    fn alloc_expr_from_pat(&mut self, expr: Expr, ptr: PatPtr) -> ExprId {
        let src = self.expander.in_file(ptr);
        let id = self.store.exprs.alloc(expr);
        self.store.pat_map.insert(src, id.into());
        self.store.expr_map_back.insert(id, src.map(AstPtr::wrap_right));
        id
    }

    fn alloc_pat(&mut self, pat: Pat, ptr: PatPtr) -> PatId {
        let src = self.expander.in_file(ptr);
        let id = self.store.pats.alloc(pat);
        self.store.pat_map_back.insert(id, src.map(AstPtr::wrap_right));
        self.store.pat_map.insert(src, id.into());
        id
    }
    // FIXME: desugared pats don't have ptr, that's wrong and should be fixed somehow.
    fn alloc_pat_desugared(&mut self, pat: Pat) -> PatId {
        self.store.pats.alloc(pat)
    }
    fn missing_pat(&mut self) -> PatId {
        self.store.pats.alloc(Pat::Missing)
    }

    fn alloc_label(&mut self, label: Label, ptr: AstPtr<ast::Label>) -> LabelId {
        self.alloc_label_desugared(label, ptr.wrap_left())
    }

    fn alloc_label_desugared(&mut self, label: Label, ptr: LabelPtr) -> LabelId {
        let src = self.expander.in_file(ptr);
        let id = self.store.labels.alloc(label);
        self.store.label_map_back.insert(id, src);
        self.store.label_map.insert(src, id);
        id
    }

    fn is_lowering_awaitable_block(&self) -> &Awaitable {
        self.awaitable_context.as_ref().unwrap_or(&Awaitable::No("unknown"))
    }

    fn with_awaitable_block<T>(
        &mut self,
        awaitable: Awaitable,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> T,
    ) -> T {
        let orig = self.awaitable_context.replace(awaitable);
        let res = f(self);
        self.awaitable_context = orig;
        res
    }

    fn hygiene_id_for(&self, range: TextRange) -> HygieneId {
        self.expander.hygiene_for_range(self.db, range)
    }
}

fn comma_follows_token(t: Option<syntax::SyntaxToken>) -> bool {
    (|| syntax::algo::skip_trivia_token(t?.next_token()?, syntax::Direction::Next))()
        .is_some_and(|it| it.kind() == syntax::T![,])
}

/// This function find the AST fragment that corresponds to an `AssociatedTypeBinding` in the HIR.
pub fn hir_assoc_type_binding_to_ast(
    segment_args: &ast::GenericArgList,
    binding_idx: u32,
) -> Option<ast::AssocTypeArg> {
    segment_args
        .generic_args()
        .filter_map(|arg| match arg {
            ast::GenericArg::AssocTypeArg(it) => Some(it),
            _ => None,
        })
        .filter(|binding| binding.param_list().is_none() && binding.name_ref().is_some())
        .nth(binding_idx as usize)
}

/// This function find the AST generic argument from the one in the HIR. Does not support the `Self` argument.
pub fn hir_generic_arg_to_ast(
    args: &ast::GenericArgList,
    arg_idx: u32,
    has_self_arg: bool,
) -> Option<ast::GenericArg> {
    args.generic_args()
        .filter(|arg| match arg {
            ast::GenericArg::AssocTypeArg(_) => false,
            ast::GenericArg::LifetimeArg(arg) => arg.lifetime().is_some(),
            ast::GenericArg::ConstArg(_) | ast::GenericArg::TypeArg(_) => true,
        })
        .nth(arg_idx as usize - has_self_arg as usize)
}
7307 7308 7309 7310 7311 7312 7313 7314 7315 7316 7317 7318 7319 7320 7321 7322 7323 7324 7325 7326 7327 7328 7329 7330 7331 7332 7333 7334 7335 7336 7337 7338 7339 7340 7341 7342 7343 7344 7345 7346 7347 7348 7349 7350 7351 7352 7353 7354 7355 7356 7357 7358 7359 7360 7361 7362 7363 7364 7365 7366 7367 7368 7369 7370 7371 7372 7373 7374 7375 7376 7377 7378 7379 7380 7381 7382 7383 7384 7385 7386 7387 7388 7389 7390 7391 7392 7393 7394 7395 7396 7397 7398 7399 7400 7401 7402 7403 7404 7405 7406 7407 7408 7409 7410 7411 7412 7413 7414 7415 7416 7417 7418 7419 7420 7421 7422 7423 7424 7425 7426 7427 7428 7429 7430 7431 7432 7433 7434 7435 7436 7437 7438 7439 7440 7441 7442 7443 7444 7445 7446 7447 7448 7449 7450 7451 7452 7453 7454 7455 7456 7457 7458 7459 7460 7461 7462 7463 7464 7465 7466 7467 7468 7469 7470 7471 7472 7473 7474 7475 7476 7477 7478 7479 7480 7481 7482 7483 7484 7485 7486 7487 7488 7489 7490 7491 7492 7493 7494 7495 7496 7497 7498 7499 7500 7501 7502 7503 7504 7505 7506 7507 7508 7509 7510 7511 7512 7513 7514 7515 7516 7517 7518 7519 7520 7521 7522 7523 7524 7525 7526 7527 7528 7529 7530 7531 7532 7533 7534 7535 7536 7537 7538 7539 7540 7541 7542 7543 7544 7545 7546 7547 7548 7549 7550 7551 7552 7553 7554 7555 7556 7557 7558 7559 7560 7561 7562 7563 7564 7565 7566 7567 7568 7569 7570 7571 7572 7573 7574 7575 7576 7577 7578 7579 7580 7581 7582 7583 7584 7585 7586 7587 7588 7589 7590 7591 7592 7593 7594 7595 7596 7597 7598 7599 7600 7601 7602 7603 7604 7605 7606 7607 7608 7609 7610 7611 7612 7613 7614 7615 7616 7617 7618 7619 7620 7621 7622 7623 7624 7625 7626 7627 7628 7629 7630 7631 7632 7633 7634 7635 7636 7637 7638 7639 7640 7641 7642 7643 7644 7645 7646 7647 7648 7649 7650 7651 7652 7653 7654 7655 7656 7657 7658 7659 7660 7661 7662 7663 7664 7665 7666 7667 7668 7669 7670 7671 7672 7673 7674 7675 7676 7677 7678 7679 7680 7681 7682 7683 7684 7685 7686 7687 7688 7689 7690 7691 7692 7693 7694 7695 7696 7697 7698 7699 7700 7701 7702 7703 7704 7705 7706 7707 7708 7709 7710 7711 7712 7713 7714 7715 7716 7717 7718 7719 7720 7721 7722 7723 7724 7725 7726 7727 7728 7729 7730 7731 7732 7733 7734 7735 7736 7737 7738 7739 7740 7741 7742 7743 7744 7745 7746 7747 7748 7749 7750 7751 7752 7753 7754 7755 7756 7757 7758 7759 7760 7761 7762 7763 7764 7765 7766 7767 7768 7769 7770 7771 7772 7773 7774 7775 7776 7777 7778 7779 7780 7781 7782 7783 7784 7785 7786 7787 7788 7789 7790 7791 7792 7793 7794 7795 7796 7797 7798 7799 7800 7801 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 7810 7811 7812 7813 7814 7815 7816 7817 7818 7819 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825 7826 7827 7828 7829 7830 7831 7832 7833 7834 7835 7836 7837 7838 7839 7840 7841 7842 7843 7844 7845 7846 7847 7848 7849 7850 7851 7852 7853 7854 7855 7856 7857 7858 7859 7860 7861 7862 7863 7864 7865 7866 7867 7868 7869 7870 7871 7872 7873 7874 7875 7876 7877 7878 7879 7880 7881 7882 7883 7884 7885 7886 7887 7888 7889 7890 7891 7892 7893 7894 7895 7896 7897 7898 7899 7900 7901 7902 7903 7904 7905 7906 7907 7908 7909 7910 7911 7912 7913 7914 7915 7916 7917 7918 7919 7920 7921 7922 7923 7924 7925 7926 7927 7928 7929 7930 7931 7932 7933 7934 7935 7936 7937 7938 7939 7940 7941 7942 7943 7944 7945 7946 7947 7948 7949 7950 7951 7952 7953 7954 7955 7956 7957 7958 7959 7960 7961 7962 7963 7964 7965 7966 7967 7968 7969 7970 7971 7972 7973 7974 7975 7976 7977 7978 7979 7980 7981 7982 7983 7984 7985 7986 7987 7988 7989 7990 7991 7992 7993 7994 7995 7996 7997 7998 7999 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 8020 8021 8022 8023 8024 8025 8026 8027 8028 8029 8030 8031 8032 8033 8034 8035 8036 8037 8038 8039 8040 8041 8042 8043 8044 8045 8046 8047 8048 8049 8050 8051 8052 8053 8054 8055 8056 8057 8058 8059 8060 8061 8062 8063 8064 8065 8066 8067 8068 8069 8070 8071 8072 8073 8074 8075 8076 8077 8078 8079 8080 8081 8082 8083 8084 8085 8086 8087 8088 8089 8090 8091 8092 8093 8094 8095 8096 8097 8098 8099 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 8105 8106 8107 8108 8109 8110 8111 8112 8113 8114 8115 8116 8117 8118 8119 8120 8121 8122 8123 8124 8125 8126 8127 8128 8129 8130 8131 8132 8133 8134 8135 8136 8137 8138 8139 8140 8141 8142 8143 8144 8145 8146 8147 8148 8149 8150 8151 8152 8153 8154 8155 8156 8157 8158 8159 8160 8161 8162 8163 8164 8165 8166 8167 8168 8169 8170 8171 8172 8173 8174 8175 8176 8177 8178 8179 8180 8181 8182 8183 8184 8185 8186 8187 8188 8189 8190 8191 8192 8193 8194 8195 8196 8197 8198 8199 8200 8201 8202 8203 8204 8205 8206 8207 8208 8209 8210 8211 8212 8213 8214 8215 8216 8217 8218 8219 8220 8221 8222 8223 8224 8225 8226 8227 8228 8229 8230 8231 8232 8233 8234 8235 8236 8237 8238 8239 8240 8241 8242 8243 8244 8245 8246 8247 8248 8249 8250 8251 8252 8253 8254 8255 8256 8257 8258 8259 8260 8261 8262 8263 8264 8265 8266 8267 8268 8269 8270 8271 8272 8273 8274 8275 8276 8277 8278 8279 8280 8281 8282 8283 8284 8285 8286 8287 8288 8289 8290 8291 8292 8293 8294 8295 8296 8297 8298 8299 8300 8301 8302 8303 8304 8305 8306 8307 8308 8309 8310 8311 8312 8313 8314 8315 8316 8317 8318 8319 8320 8321 8322 8323 8324 8325 8326 8327 8328 8329 8330 8331 8332 8333 8334 8335 8336 8337 8338 8339 8340 8341 8342 8343 8344 8345 8346 8347 8348 8349 8350 8351 8352 8353 8354 8355 8356 8357 8358 8359 8360 8361 8362 8363 8364 8365 8366 8367 8368 8369 8370 8371 8372 8373 8374 8375 8376 8377 8378 8379 8380 8381 8382 8383 8384 8385 8386 8387 8388 8389 8390 8391 8392 8393 8394 8395 8396 8397 8398 8399 8400 8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 8406 8407 8408 8409 8410 8411 8412 8413 8414 8415 8416 8417 8418 8419 8420 8421 8422 8423 8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429 8430 8431 8432 8433 8434 8435 8436 8437 8438 8439 8440 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8446 8447 8448 8449 8450 8451 8452 8453 8454 8455 8456 8457 8458 8459 8460 8461 8462 8463 8464 8465 8466 8467 8468 8469 8470 8471 8472 8473 8474 8475 8476 8477 8478 8479 8480 8481 8482 8483 8484 8485 8486 8487 8488 8489 8490 8491 8492 8493 8494 8495 8496 8497 8498 8499 8500 8501 8502 8503 8504 8505 8506 8507 8508 8509 8510 8511 8512 8513 8514 8515 8516 8517 8518 8519 8520 8521 8522 8523 8524 8525 8526 8527 8528 8529 8530 8531 8532 8533 8534 8535 8536 8537 8538 8539 8540 8541 8542 8543 8544 8545 8546 8547 8548 8549 8550 8551 8552 8553 8554 8555 8556 8557 8558 8559 8560 8561 8562
use crate::ast::{AngleBracketedArgs, ParenthesizedArgs, AttrStyle, BareFnTy};
use crate::ast::{GenericBound, TraitBoundModifier};
use crate::ast::Unsafety;
use crate::ast::{Mod, AnonConst, Arg, Arm, Guard, Attribute, BindingMode, TraitItemKind};
use crate::ast::Block;
use crate::ast::{BlockCheckMode, CaptureBy, Movability};
use crate::ast::{Constness, Crate};
use crate::ast::Defaultness;
use crate::ast::EnumDef;
use crate::ast::{Expr, ExprKind, RangeLimits};
use crate::ast::{Field, FnDecl, FnHeader};
use crate::ast::{ForeignItem, ForeignItemKind, FunctionRetTy};
use crate::ast::{GenericParam, GenericParamKind};
use crate::ast::GenericArg;
use crate::ast::{Ident, ImplItem, IsAsync, IsAuto, Item, ItemKind};
use crate::ast::{Label, Lifetime, Lit, LitKind};
use crate::ast::Local;
use crate::ast::MacStmtStyle;
use crate::ast::{Mac, Mac_, MacDelimiter};
use crate::ast::{MutTy, Mutability};
use crate::ast::{Pat, PatKind, PathSegment};
use crate::ast::{PolyTraitRef, QSelf};
use crate::ast::{Stmt, StmtKind};
use crate::ast::{VariantData, StructField};
use crate::ast::StrStyle;
use crate::ast::SelfKind;
use crate::ast::{TraitItem, TraitRef, TraitObjectSyntax};
use crate::ast::{Ty, TyKind, TypeBinding, GenericBounds};
use crate::ast::{Visibility, VisibilityKind, WhereClause, CrateSugar};
use crate::ast::{UseTree, UseTreeKind};
use crate::ast::{BinOpKind, UnOp};
use crate::ast::{RangeEnd, RangeSyntax};
use crate::{ast, attr};
use crate::ext::base::DummyResult;
use crate::source_map::{self, SourceMap, Spanned, respan};
use crate::parse::{self, SeqSep, classify, token};
use crate::parse::lexer::{TokenAndSpan, UnmatchedBrace};
use crate::parse::lexer::comments::{doc_comment_style, strip_doc_comment_decoration};
use crate::parse::token::DelimToken;
use crate::parse::{new_sub_parser_from_file, ParseSess, Directory, DirectoryOwnership};
use crate::util::parser::{AssocOp, Fixity};
use crate::print::pprust;
use crate::ptr::P;
use crate::parse::PResult;
use crate::ThinVec;
use crate::tokenstream::{self, DelimSpan, TokenTree, TokenStream, TreeAndJoint};
use crate::symbol::{Symbol, keywords};

use errors::{Applicability, DiagnosticBuilder, DiagnosticId};
use rustc_target::spec::abi::{self, Abi};
use syntax_pos::{Span, MultiSpan, BytePos, FileName};
use log::{debug, trace};

use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::cmp;
use std::mem;
use std::path::{self, Path, PathBuf};
use std::slice;

#[derive(Debug)]
/// Whether the type alias or associated type is a concrete type or an existential type
pub enum AliasKind {
    /// Just a new name for the same type
    Weak(P<Ty>),
    /// Only trait impls of the type will be usable, not the actual type itself
    Existential(GenericBounds),
}

bitflags::bitflags! {
    struct Restrictions: u8 {
        const STMT_EXPR         = 1 << 0;
        const NO_STRUCT_LITERAL = 1 << 1;
    }
}

type ItemInfo = (Ident, ItemKind, Option<Vec<Attribute>>);

/// Specifies how to parse a path.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub enum PathStyle {
    /// In some contexts, notably in expressions, paths with generic arguments are ambiguous
    /// with something else. For example, in expressions `segment < ....` can be interpreted
    /// as a comparison and `segment ( ....` can be interpreted as a function call.
    /// In all such contexts the non-path interpretation is preferred by default for practical
    /// reasons, but the path interpretation can be forced by the disambiguator `::`, e.g.
    /// `x<y>` - comparisons, `x::<y>` - unambiguously a path.
    Expr,
    /// In other contexts, notably in types, no ambiguity exists and paths can be written
    /// without the disambiguator, e.g., `x<y>` - unambiguously a path.
    /// Paths with disambiguators are still accepted, `x::<Y>` - unambiguously a path too.
    Type,
    /// A path with generic arguments disallowed, e.g., `foo::bar::Baz`, used in imports,
    /// visibilities or attributes.
    /// Technically, this variant is unnecessary and e.g., `Expr` can be used instead
    /// (paths in "mod" contexts have to be checked later for absence of generic arguments
    /// anyway, due to macros), but it is used to avoid weird suggestions about expected
    /// tokens when something goes wrong.
    Mod,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
enum SemiColonMode {
    Break,
    Ignore,
    Comma,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
enum BlockMode {
    Break,
    Ignore,
}

/// Possibly accepts an `token::Interpolated` expression (a pre-parsed expression
/// dropped into the token stream, which happens while parsing the result of
/// macro expansion). Placement of these is not as complex as I feared it would
/// be. The important thing is to make sure that lookahead doesn't balk at
/// `token::Interpolated` tokens.
macro_rules! maybe_whole_expr {
    ($p:expr) => {
        if let token::Interpolated(nt) = $p.token.clone() {
            match *nt {
                token::NtExpr(ref e) | token::NtLiteral(ref e) => {
                    $p.bump();
                    return Ok((*e).clone());
                }
                token::NtPath(ref path) => {
                    $p.bump();
                    let span = $p.span;
                    let kind = ExprKind::Path(None, (*path).clone());
                    return Ok($p.mk_expr(span, kind, ThinVec::new()));
                }
                token::NtBlock(ref block) => {
                    $p.bump();
                    let span = $p.span;
                    let kind = ExprKind::Block((*block).clone(), None);
                    return Ok($p.mk_expr(span, kind, ThinVec::new()));
                }
                _ => {},
            };
        }
    }
}

/// As maybe_whole_expr, but for things other than expressions
macro_rules! maybe_whole {
    ($p:expr, $constructor:ident, |$x:ident| $e:expr) => {
        if let token::Interpolated(nt) = $p.token.clone() {
            if let token::$constructor($x) = (*nt).clone() {
                $p.bump();
                return Ok($e);
            }
        }
    };
}

fn maybe_append(mut lhs: Vec<Attribute>, mut rhs: Option<Vec<Attribute>>) -> Vec<Attribute> {
    if let Some(ref mut rhs) = rhs {
        lhs.append(rhs);
    }
    lhs
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
enum PrevTokenKind {
    DocComment,
    Comma,
    Plus,
    Interpolated,
    Eof,
    Ident,
    Other,
}

trait RecoverQPath: Sized {
    const PATH_STYLE: PathStyle = PathStyle::Expr;
    fn to_ty(&self) -> Option<P<Ty>>;
    fn to_recovered(&self, qself: Option<QSelf>, path: ast::Path) -> Self;
    fn to_string(&self) -> String;
}

impl RecoverQPath for Ty {
    const PATH_STYLE: PathStyle = PathStyle::Type;
    fn to_ty(&self) -> Option<P<Ty>> {
        Some(P(self.clone()))
    }
    fn to_recovered(&self, qself: Option<QSelf>, path: ast::Path) -> Self {
        Self { span: path.span, node: TyKind::Path(qself, path), id: self.id }
    }
    fn to_string(&self) -> String {
        pprust::ty_to_string(self)
    }
}

impl RecoverQPath for Pat {
    fn to_ty(&self) -> Option<P<Ty>> {
        self.to_ty()
    }
    fn to_recovered(&self, qself: Option<QSelf>, path: ast::Path) -> Self {
        Self { span: path.span, node: PatKind::Path(qself, path), id: self.id }
    }
    fn to_string(&self) -> String {
        pprust::pat_to_string(self)
    }
}

impl RecoverQPath for Expr {
    fn to_ty(&self) -> Option<P<Ty>> {
        self.to_ty()
    }
    fn to_recovered(&self, qself: Option<QSelf>, path: ast::Path) -> Self {
        Self { span: path.span, node: ExprKind::Path(qself, path),
               id: self.id, attrs: self.attrs.clone() }
    }
    fn to_string(&self) -> String {
        pprust::expr_to_string(self)
    }
}

/* ident is handled by common.rs */

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Parser<'a> {
    pub sess: &'a ParseSess,
    /// the current token:
    pub token: token::Token,
    /// the span of the current token:
    pub span: Span,
    /// the span of the previous token:
    meta_var_span: Option<Span>,
    pub prev_span: Span,
    /// the previous token kind
    prev_token_kind: PrevTokenKind,
    restrictions: Restrictions,
    /// Used to determine the path to externally loaded source files
    crate directory: Directory<'a>,
    /// Whether to parse sub-modules in other files.
    pub recurse_into_file_modules: bool,
    /// Name of the root module this parser originated from. If `None`, then the
    /// name is not known. This does not change while the parser is descending
    /// into modules, and sub-parsers have new values for this name.
    pub root_module_name: Option<String>,
    crate expected_tokens: Vec<TokenType>,
    token_cursor: TokenCursor,
    desugar_doc_comments: bool,
    /// Whether we should configure out of line modules as we parse.
    pub cfg_mods: bool,
    /// This field is used to keep track of how many left angle brackets we have seen. This is
    /// required in order to detect extra leading left angle brackets (`<` characters) and error
    /// appropriately.
    ///
    /// See the comments in the `parse_path_segment` function for more details.
    crate unmatched_angle_bracket_count: u32,
    crate max_angle_bracket_count: u32,
    /// List of all unclosed delimiters found by the lexer. If an entry is used for error recovery
    /// it gets removed from here. Every entry left at the end gets emitted as an independent
    /// error.
    crate unclosed_delims: Vec<UnmatchedBrace>,
}


#[derive(Clone)]
struct TokenCursor {
    frame: TokenCursorFrame,
    stack: Vec<TokenCursorFrame>,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct TokenCursorFrame {
    delim: token::DelimToken,
    span: DelimSpan,
    open_delim: bool,
    tree_cursor: tokenstream::Cursor,
    close_delim: bool,
    last_token: LastToken,
}

/// This is used in `TokenCursorFrame` above to track tokens that are consumed
/// by the parser, and then that's transitively used to record the tokens that
/// each parse AST item is created with.
///
/// Right now this has two states, either collecting tokens or not collecting
/// tokens. If we're collecting tokens we just save everything off into a local
/// `Vec`. This should eventually though likely save tokens from the original
/// token stream and just use slicing of token streams to avoid creation of a
/// whole new vector.
///
/// The second state is where we're passively not recording tokens, but the last
/// token is still tracked for when we want to start recording tokens. This
/// "last token" means that when we start recording tokens we'll want to ensure
/// that this, the first token, is included in the output.
///
/// You can find some more example usage of this in the `collect_tokens` method
/// on the parser.
#[derive(Clone)]
enum LastToken {
    Collecting(Vec<TreeAndJoint>),
    Was(Option<TreeAndJoint>),
}

impl TokenCursorFrame {
    fn new(sp: DelimSpan, delim: DelimToken, tts: &TokenStream) -> Self {
        TokenCursorFrame {
            delim: delim,
            span: sp,
            open_delim: delim == token::NoDelim,
            tree_cursor: tts.clone().into_trees(),
            close_delim: delim == token::NoDelim,
            last_token: LastToken::Was(None),
        }
    }
}

impl TokenCursor {
    fn next(&mut self) -> TokenAndSpan {
        loop {
            let tree = if !self.frame.open_delim {
                self.frame.open_delim = true;
                TokenTree::open_tt(self.frame.span.open, self.frame.delim)
            } else if let Some(tree) = self.frame.tree_cursor.next() {
                tree
            } else if !self.frame.close_delim {
                self.frame.close_delim = true;
                TokenTree::close_tt(self.frame.span.close, self.frame.delim)
            } else if let Some(frame) = self.stack.pop() {
                self.frame = frame;
                continue
            } else {
                return TokenAndSpan { tok: token::Eof, sp: syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP }
            };

            match self.frame.last_token {
                LastToken::Collecting(ref mut v) => v.push(tree.clone().into()),
                LastToken::Was(ref mut t) => *t = Some(tree.clone().into()),
            }

            match tree {
                TokenTree::Token(sp, tok) => return TokenAndSpan { tok: tok, sp: sp },
                TokenTree::Delimited(sp, delim, tts) => {
                    let frame = TokenCursorFrame::new(sp, delim, &tts);
                    self.stack.push(mem::replace(&mut self.frame, frame));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn next_desugared(&mut self) -> TokenAndSpan {
        let (sp, name) = match self.next() {
            TokenAndSpan { sp, tok: token::DocComment(name) } => (sp, name),
            tok => return tok,
        };

        let stripped = strip_doc_comment_decoration(&name.as_str());

        // Searches for the occurrences of `"#*` and returns the minimum number of `#`s
        // required to wrap the text.
        let mut num_of_hashes = 0;
        let mut count = 0;
        for ch in stripped.chars() {
            count = match ch {
                '"' => 1,
                '#' if count > 0 => count + 1,
                _ => 0,
            };
            num_of_hashes = cmp::max(num_of_hashes, count);
        }

        let delim_span = DelimSpan::from_single(sp);
        let body = TokenTree::Delimited(
            delim_span,
            token::Bracket,
            [TokenTree::Token(sp, token::Ident(ast::Ident::from_str("doc"), false)),
             TokenTree::Token(sp, token::Eq),
             TokenTree::Token(sp, token::Literal(
                token::StrRaw(Symbol::intern(&stripped), num_of_hashes), None))
            ]
            .iter().cloned().collect::<TokenStream>().into(),
        );

        self.stack.push(mem::replace(&mut self.frame, TokenCursorFrame::new(
            delim_span,
            token::NoDelim,
            &if doc_comment_style(&name.as_str()) == AttrStyle::Inner {
                [TokenTree::Token(sp, token::Pound), TokenTree::Token(sp, token::Not), body]
                    .iter().cloned().collect::<TokenStream>().into()
            } else {
                [TokenTree::Token(sp, token::Pound), body]
                    .iter().cloned().collect::<TokenStream>().into()
            },
        )));

        self.next()
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
crate enum TokenType {
    Token(token::Token),
    Keyword(keywords::Keyword),
    Operator,
    Lifetime,
    Ident,
    Path,
    Type,
    Const,
}

impl TokenType {
    fn to_string(&self) -> String {
        match *self {
            TokenType::Token(ref t) => format!("`{}`", pprust::token_to_string(t)),
            TokenType::Keyword(kw) => format!("`{}`", kw.name()),
            TokenType::Operator => "an operator".to_string(),
            TokenType::Lifetime => "lifetime".to_string(),
            TokenType::Ident => "identifier".to_string(),
            TokenType::Path => "path".to_string(),
            TokenType::Type => "type".to_string(),
            TokenType::Const => "const".to_string(),
        }
    }
}

/// Returns `true` if `IDENT t` can start a type -- `IDENT::a::b`, `IDENT<u8, u8>`,
/// `IDENT<<u8 as Trait>::AssocTy>`.
///
/// Types can also be of the form `IDENT(u8, u8) -> u8`, however this assumes
/// that `IDENT` is not the ident of a fn trait.
fn can_continue_type_after_non_fn_ident(t: &token::Token) -> bool {
    t == &token::ModSep || t == &token::Lt ||
    t == &token::BinOp(token::Shl)
}

/// Information about the path to a module.
pub struct ModulePath {
    name: String,
    path_exists: bool,
    pub result: Result<ModulePathSuccess, Error>,
}

pub struct ModulePathSuccess {
    pub path: PathBuf,
    pub directory_ownership: DirectoryOwnership,
    warn: bool,
}

pub enum Error {
    FileNotFoundForModule {
        mod_name: String,
        default_path: String,
        secondary_path: String,
        dir_path: String,
    },
    DuplicatePaths {
        mod_name: String,
        default_path: String,
        secondary_path: String,
    },
    UselessDocComment,
    InclusiveRangeWithNoEnd,
}

impl Error {
    fn span_err<S: Into<MultiSpan>>(self,
                                        sp: S,
                                        handler: &errors::Handler) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'_> {
        match self {
            Error::FileNotFoundForModule { ref mod_name,
                                           ref default_path,
                                           ref secondary_path,
                                           ref dir_path } => {
                let mut err = struct_span_err!(handler, sp, E0583,
                                               "file not found for module `{}`", mod_name);
                err.help(&format!("name the file either {} or {} inside the directory \"{}\"",
                                  default_path,
                                  secondary_path,
                                  dir_path));
                err
            }
            Error::DuplicatePaths { ref mod_name, ref default_path, ref secondary_path } => {
                let mut err = struct_span_err!(handler, sp, E0584,
                                               "file for module `{}` found at both {} and {}",
                                               mod_name,
                                               default_path,
                                               secondary_path);
                err.help("delete or rename one of them to remove the ambiguity");
                err
            }
            Error::UselessDocComment => {
                let mut err = struct_span_err!(handler, sp, E0585,
                                  "found a documentation comment that doesn't document anything");
                err.help("doc comments must come before what they document, maybe a comment was \
                          intended with `//`?");
                err
            }
            Error::InclusiveRangeWithNoEnd => {
                let mut err = struct_span_err!(handler, sp, E0586,
                                               "inclusive range with no end");
                err.help("inclusive ranges must be bounded at the end (`..=b` or `a..=b`)");
                err
            }
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
enum LhsExpr {
    NotYetParsed,
    AttributesParsed(ThinVec<Attribute>),
    AlreadyParsed(P<Expr>),
}

impl From<Option<ThinVec<Attribute>>> for LhsExpr {
    fn from(o: Option<ThinVec<Attribute>>) -> Self {
        if let Some(attrs) = o {
            LhsExpr::AttributesParsed(attrs)
        } else {
            LhsExpr::NotYetParsed
        }
    }
}

impl From<P<Expr>> for LhsExpr {
    fn from(expr: P<Expr>) -> Self {
        LhsExpr::AlreadyParsed(expr)
    }
}

/// Creates a placeholder argument.
fn dummy_arg(span: Span) -> Arg {
    let ident = Ident::new(keywords::Invalid.name(), span);
    let pat = P(Pat {
        id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
        node: PatKind::Ident(BindingMode::ByValue(Mutability::Immutable), ident, None),
        span,
    });
    let ty = Ty {
        node: TyKind::Err,
        span,
        id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID
    };
    Arg { ty: P(ty), pat: pat, id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
enum TokenExpectType {
    Expect,
    NoExpect,
}

impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
    pub fn new(sess: &'a ParseSess,
               tokens: TokenStream,
               directory: Option<Directory<'a>>,
               recurse_into_file_modules: bool,
               desugar_doc_comments: bool)
               -> Self {
        let mut parser = Parser {
            sess,
            token: token::Whitespace,
            span: syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
            prev_span: syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
            meta_var_span: None,
            prev_token_kind: PrevTokenKind::Other,
            restrictions: Restrictions::empty(),
            recurse_into_file_modules,
            directory: Directory {
                path: Cow::from(PathBuf::new()),
                ownership: DirectoryOwnership::Owned { relative: None }
            },
            root_module_name: None,
            expected_tokens: Vec::new(),
            token_cursor: TokenCursor {
                frame: TokenCursorFrame::new(
                    DelimSpan::dummy(),
                    token::NoDelim,
                    &tokens.into(),
                ),
                stack: Vec::new(),
            },
            desugar_doc_comments,
            cfg_mods: true,
            unmatched_angle_bracket_count: 0,
            max_angle_bracket_count: 0,
            unclosed_delims: Vec::new(),
        };

        let tok = parser.next_tok();
        parser.token = tok.tok;
        parser.span = tok.sp;

        if let Some(directory) = directory {
            parser.directory = directory;
        } else if !parser.span.is_dummy() {
            if let FileName::Real(mut path) = sess.source_map().span_to_unmapped_path(parser.span) {
                path.pop();
                parser.directory.path = Cow::from(path);
            }
        }

        parser.process_potential_macro_variable();
        parser
    }

    fn next_tok(&mut self) -> TokenAndSpan {
        let mut next = if self.desugar_doc_comments {
            self.token_cursor.next_desugared()
        } else {
            self.token_cursor.next()
        };
        if next.sp.is_dummy() {
            // Tweak the location for better diagnostics, but keep syntactic context intact.
            next.sp = self.prev_span.with_ctxt(next.sp.ctxt());
        }
        next
    }

    /// Converts the current token to a string using `self`'s reader.
    pub fn this_token_to_string(&self) -> String {
        pprust::token_to_string(&self.token)
    }

    fn token_descr(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
        Some(match &self.token {
            t if t.is_special_ident() => "reserved identifier",
            t if t.is_used_keyword() => "keyword",
            t if t.is_unused_keyword() => "reserved keyword",
            token::DocComment(..) => "doc comment",
            _ => return None,
        })
    }

    fn this_token_descr(&self) -> String {
        if let Some(prefix) = self.token_descr() {
            format!("{} `{}`", prefix, self.this_token_to_string())
        } else {
            format!("`{}`", self.this_token_to_string())
        }
    }

    fn unexpected_last<T>(&self, t: &token::Token) -> PResult<'a, T> {
        let token_str = pprust::token_to_string(t);
        Err(self.span_fatal(self.prev_span, &format!("unexpected token: `{}`", token_str)))
    }

    crate fn unexpected<T>(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, T> {
        match self.expect_one_of(&[], &[]) {
            Err(e) => Err(e),
            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    /// Expects and consumes the token `t`. Signals an error if the next token is not `t`.
    pub fn expect(&mut self, t: &token::Token) -> PResult<'a,  bool /* recovered */> {
        if self.expected_tokens.is_empty() {
            if self.token == *t {
                self.bump();
                Ok(false)
            } else {
                let token_str = pprust::token_to_string(t);
                let this_token_str = self.this_token_descr();
                let mut err = self.fatal(&format!("expected `{}`, found {}",
                                                  token_str,
                                                  this_token_str));

                let sp = if self.token == token::Token::Eof {
                    // EOF, don't want to point at the following char, but rather the last token
                    self.prev_span
                } else {
                    self.sess.source_map().next_point(self.prev_span)
                };
                let label_exp = format!("expected `{}`", token_str);
                match self.recover_closing_delimiter(&[t.clone()], err) {
                    Err(e) => err = e,
                    Ok(recovered) => {
                        return Ok(recovered);
                    }
                }
                let cm = self.sess.source_map();
                match (cm.lookup_line(self.span.lo()), cm.lookup_line(sp.lo())) {
                    (Ok(ref a), Ok(ref b)) if a.line == b.line => {
                        // When the spans are in the same line, it means that the only content
                        // between them is whitespace, point only at the found token.
                        err.span_label(self.span, label_exp);
                    }
                    _ => {
                        err.span_label(sp, label_exp);
                        err.span_label(self.span, "unexpected token");
                    }
                }
                Err(err)
            }
        } else {
            self.expect_one_of(slice::from_ref(t), &[])
        }
    }

    fn recover_closing_delimiter(
        &mut self,
        tokens: &[token::Token],
        mut err: DiagnosticBuilder<'a>,
    ) -> PResult<'a, bool> {
        let mut pos = None;
        // we want to use the last closing delim that would apply
        for (i, unmatched) in self.unclosed_delims.iter().enumerate().rev() {
            if tokens.contains(&token::CloseDelim(unmatched.expected_delim))
                && Some(self.span) > unmatched.unclosed_span
            {
                pos = Some(i);
            }
        }
        match pos {
            Some(pos) => {
                // Recover and assume that the detected unclosed delimiter was meant for
                // this location. Emit the diagnostic and act as if the delimiter was
                // present for the parser's sake.

                 // Don't attempt to recover from this unclosed delimiter more than once.
                let unmatched = self.unclosed_delims.remove(pos);
                let delim = TokenType::Token(token::CloseDelim(unmatched.expected_delim));

                 // We want to suggest the inclusion of the closing delimiter where it makes
                // the most sense, which is immediately after the last token:
                //
                //  {foo(bar {}}
                //      -      ^
                //      |      |
                //      |      help: `)` may belong here (FIXME: #58270)
                //      |
                //      unclosed delimiter
                if let Some(sp) = unmatched.unclosed_span {
                    err.span_label(sp, "unclosed delimiter");
                }
                err.span_suggestion_short(
                    self.sess.source_map().next_point(self.prev_span),
                    &format!("{} may belong here", delim.to_string()),
                    delim.to_string(),
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                );
                err.emit();
                self.expected_tokens.clear();  // reduce errors
                Ok(true)
            }
            _ => Err(err),
        }
    }

    /// Expect next token to be edible or inedible token.  If edible,
    /// then consume it; if inedible, then return without consuming
    /// anything.  Signal a fatal error if next token is unexpected.
    pub fn expect_one_of(
        &mut self,
        edible: &[token::Token],
        inedible: &[token::Token],
    ) -> PResult<'a, bool /* recovered */> {
        fn tokens_to_string(tokens: &[TokenType]) -> String {
            let mut i = tokens.iter();
            // This might be a sign we need a connect method on Iterator.
            let b = i.next()
                     .map_or(String::new(), |t| t.to_string());
            i.enumerate().fold(b, |mut b, (i, a)| {
                if tokens.len() > 2 && i == tokens.len() - 2 {
                    b.push_str(", or ");
                } else if tokens.len() == 2 && i == tokens.len() - 2 {
                    b.push_str(" or ");
                } else {
                    b.push_str(", ");
                }
                b.push_str(&a.to_string());
                b
            })
        }
        if edible.contains(&self.token) {
            self.bump();
            Ok(false)
        } else if inedible.contains(&self.token) {
            // leave it in the input
            Ok(false)
        } else {
            let mut expected = edible.iter()
                .map(|x| TokenType::Token(x.clone()))
                .chain(inedible.iter().map(|x| TokenType::Token(x.clone())))
                .chain(self.expected_tokens.iter().cloned())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            expected.sort_by_cached_key(|x| x.to_string());
            expected.dedup();
            let expect = tokens_to_string(&expected[..]);
            let actual = self.this_token_to_string();
            let (msg_exp, (label_sp, label_exp)) = if expected.len() > 1 {
                let short_expect = if expected.len() > 6 {
                    format!("{} possible tokens", expected.len())
                } else {
                    expect.clone()
                };
                (format!("expected one of {}, found `{}`", expect, actual),
                 (self.sess.source_map().next_point(self.prev_span),
                  format!("expected one of {} here", short_expect)))
            } else if expected.is_empty() {
                (format!("unexpected token: `{}`", actual),
                 (self.prev_span, "unexpected token after this".to_string()))
            } else {
                (format!("expected {}, found `{}`", expect, actual),
                 (self.sess.source_map().next_point(self.prev_span),
                  format!("expected {} here", expect)))
            };
            let mut err = self.fatal(&msg_exp);
            if self.token.is_ident_named("and") {
                err.span_suggestion_short(
                    self.span,
                    "use `&&` instead of `and` for the boolean operator",
                    "&&".to_string(),
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                );
            }
            if self.token.is_ident_named("or") {
                err.span_suggestion_short(
                    self.span,
                    "use `||` instead of `or` for the boolean operator",
                    "||".to_string(),
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                );
            }
            let sp = if self.token == token::Token::Eof {
                // This is EOF, don't want to point at the following char, but rather the last token
                self.prev_span
            } else {
                label_sp
            };
            match self.recover_closing_delimiter(&expected.iter().filter_map(|tt| match tt {
                TokenType::Token(t) => Some(t.clone()),
                _ => None,
            }).collect::<Vec<_>>(), err) {
                Err(e) => err = e,
                Ok(recovered) => {
                    return Ok(recovered);
                }
            }

            let cm = self.sess.source_map();
            match (cm.lookup_line(self.span.lo()), cm.lookup_line(sp.lo())) {
                (Ok(ref a), Ok(ref b)) if a.line == b.line => {
                    // When the spans are in the same line, it means that the only content between
                    // them is whitespace, point at the found token in that case:
                    //
                    // X |     () => { syntax error };
                    //   |                    ^^^^^ expected one of 8 possible tokens here
                    //
                    // instead of having:
                    //
                    // X |     () => { syntax error };
                    //   |                   -^^^^^ unexpected token
                    //   |                   |
                    //   |                   expected one of 8 possible tokens here
                    err.span_label(self.span, label_exp);
                }
                _ if self.prev_span == syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP => {
                    // Account for macro context where the previous span might not be
                    // available to avoid incorrect output (#54841).
                    err.span_label(self.span, "unexpected token");
                }
                _ => {
                    err.span_label(sp, label_exp);
                    err.span_label(self.span, "unexpected token");
                }
            }
            Err(err)
        }
    }

    /// Returns the span of expr, if it was not interpolated or the span of the interpolated token.
    fn interpolated_or_expr_span(&self,
                                 expr: PResult<'a, P<Expr>>)
                                 -> PResult<'a, (Span, P<Expr>)> {
        expr.map(|e| {
            if self.prev_token_kind == PrevTokenKind::Interpolated {
                (self.prev_span, e)
            } else {
                (e.span, e)
            }
        })
    }

    fn expected_ident_found(&self) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a> {
        let mut err = self.struct_span_err(self.span,
                                           &format!("expected identifier, found {}",
                                                    self.this_token_descr()));
        if let token::Ident(ident, false) = &self.token {
            if ident.is_reserved() && !ident.is_path_segment_keyword() &&
                ident.name != keywords::Underscore.name()
            {
                err.span_suggestion(
                    self.span,
                    "you can escape reserved keywords to use them as identifiers",
                    format!("r#{}", ident),
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                );
            }
        }
        if let Some(token_descr) = self.token_descr() {
            err.span_label(self.span, format!("expected identifier, found {}", token_descr));
        } else {
            err.span_label(self.span, "expected identifier");
            if self.token == token::Comma && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_ident()) {
                err.span_suggestion(
                    self.span,
                    "remove this comma",
                    String::new(),
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                );
            }
        }
        err
    }

    pub fn parse_ident(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ast::Ident> {
        self.parse_ident_common(true)
    }

    fn parse_ident_common(&mut self, recover: bool) -> PResult<'a, ast::Ident> {
        match self.token {
            token::Ident(ident, _) => {
                if self.token.is_reserved_ident() {
                    let mut err = self.expected_ident_found();
                    if recover {
                        err.emit();
                    } else {
                        return Err(err);
                    }
                }
                let span = self.span;
                self.bump();
                Ok(Ident::new(ident.name, span))
            }
            _ => {
                Err(if self.prev_token_kind == PrevTokenKind::DocComment {
                        self.span_fatal_err(self.prev_span, Error::UselessDocComment)
                    } else {
                        self.expected_ident_found()
                    })
            }
        }
    }

    /// Checks if the next token is `tok`, and returns `true` if so.
    ///
    /// This method will automatically add `tok` to `expected_tokens` if `tok` is not
    /// encountered.
    crate fn check(&mut self, tok: &token::Token) -> bool {
        let is_present = self.token == *tok;
        if !is_present { self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Token(tok.clone())); }
        is_present
    }

    /// Consumes a token 'tok' if it exists. Returns whether the given token was present.
    pub fn eat(&mut self, tok: &token::Token) -> bool {
        let is_present = self.check(tok);
        if is_present { self.bump() }
        is_present
    }

    fn check_keyword(&mut self, kw: keywords::Keyword) -> bool {
        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Keyword(kw));
        self.token.is_keyword(kw)
    }

    /// If the next token is the given keyword, eats it and returns
    /// `true`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
    pub fn eat_keyword(&mut self, kw: keywords::Keyword) -> bool {
        if self.check_keyword(kw) {
            self.bump();
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    fn eat_keyword_noexpect(&mut self, kw: keywords::Keyword) -> bool {
        if self.token.is_keyword(kw) {
            self.bump();
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// If the given word is not a keyword, signals an error.
    /// If the next token is not the given word, signals an error.
    /// Otherwise, eats it.
    fn expect_keyword(&mut self, kw: keywords::Keyword) -> PResult<'a, ()> {
        if !self.eat_keyword(kw) {
            self.unexpected()
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    fn check_ident(&mut self) -> bool {
        if self.token.is_ident() {
            true
        } else {
            self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Ident);
            false
        }
    }

    fn check_path(&mut self) -> bool {
        if self.token.is_path_start() {
            true
        } else {
            self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Path);
            false
        }
    }

    fn check_type(&mut self) -> bool {
        if self.token.can_begin_type() {
            true
        } else {
            self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Type);
            false
        }
    }

    fn check_const_arg(&mut self) -> bool {
        if self.token.can_begin_const_arg() {
            true
        } else {
            self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Const);
            false
        }
    }

    /// Expects and consumes a `+`. if `+=` is seen, replaces it with a `=`
    /// and continues. If a `+` is not seen, returns `false`.
    ///
    /// This is used when token-splitting `+=` into `+`.
    /// See issue #47856 for an example of when this may occur.
    fn eat_plus(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Token(token::BinOp(token::Plus)));
        match self.token {
            token::BinOp(token::Plus) => {
                self.bump();
                true
            }
            token::BinOpEq(token::Plus) => {
                let span = self.span.with_lo(self.span.lo() + BytePos(1));
                self.bump_with(token::Eq, span);
                true
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }


    /// Checks to see if the next token is either `+` or `+=`.
    /// Otherwise returns `false`.
    fn check_plus(&mut self) -> bool {
        if self.token.is_like_plus() {
            true
        }
        else {
            self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Token(token::BinOp(token::Plus)));
            false
        }
    }

    /// Expects and consumes an `&`. If `&&` is seen, replaces it with a single
    /// `&` and continues. If an `&` is not seen, signals an error.
    fn expect_and(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ()> {
        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Token(token::BinOp(token::And)));
        match self.token {
            token::BinOp(token::And) => {
                self.bump();
                Ok(())
            }
            token::AndAnd => {
                let span = self.span.with_lo(self.span.lo() + BytePos(1));
                Ok(self.bump_with(token::BinOp(token::And), span))
            }
            _ => self.unexpected()
        }
    }

    /// Expects and consumes an `|`. If `||` is seen, replaces it with a single
    /// `|` and continues. If an `|` is not seen, signals an error.
    fn expect_or(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ()> {
        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Token(token::BinOp(token::Or)));
        match self.token {
            token::BinOp(token::Or) => {
                self.bump();
                Ok(())
            }
            token::OrOr => {
                let span = self.span.with_lo(self.span.lo() + BytePos(1));
                Ok(self.bump_with(token::BinOp(token::Or), span))
            }
            _ => self.unexpected()
        }
    }

    fn expect_no_suffix(&self, sp: Span, kind: &str, suffix: Option<ast::Name>) {
        match suffix {
            None => {/* everything ok */}
            Some(suf) => {
                let text = suf.as_str();
                if text.is_empty() {
                    self.span_bug(sp, "found empty literal suffix in Some")
                }
                let msg = format!("{} with a suffix is invalid", kind);
                self.struct_span_err(sp, &msg)
                    .span_label(sp, msg)
                    .emit();
            }
        }
    }

    /// Attempts to consume a `<`. If `<<` is seen, replaces it with a single
    /// `<` and continue. If `<-` is seen, replaces it with a single `<`
    /// and continue. If a `<` is not seen, returns false.
    ///
    /// This is meant to be used when parsing generics on a path to get the
    /// starting token.
    fn eat_lt(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Token(token::Lt));
        let ate = match self.token {
            token::Lt => {
                self.bump();
                true
            }
            token::BinOp(token::Shl) => {
                let span = self.span.with_lo(self.span.lo() + BytePos(1));
                self.bump_with(token::Lt, span);
                true
            }
            token::LArrow => {
                let span = self.span.with_lo(self.span.lo() + BytePos(1));
                self.bump_with(token::BinOp(token::Minus), span);
                true
            }
            _ => false,
        };

        if ate {
            // See doc comment for `unmatched_angle_bracket_count`.
            self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count += 1;
            self.max_angle_bracket_count += 1;
            debug!("eat_lt: (increment) count={:?}", self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count);
        }

        ate
    }

    fn expect_lt(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ()> {
        if !self.eat_lt() {
            self.unexpected()
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Expects and consumes a single `>` token. if a `>>` is seen, replaces it
    /// with a single `>` and continues. If a `>` is not seen, signals an error.
    fn expect_gt(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ()> {
        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Token(token::Gt));
        let ate = match self.token {
            token::Gt => {
                self.bump();
                Some(())
            }
            token::BinOp(token::Shr) => {
                let span = self.span.with_lo(self.span.lo() + BytePos(1));
                Some(self.bump_with(token::Gt, span))
            }
            token::BinOpEq(token::Shr) => {
                let span = self.span.with_lo(self.span.lo() + BytePos(1));
                Some(self.bump_with(token::Ge, span))
            }
            token::Ge => {
                let span = self.span.with_lo(self.span.lo() + BytePos(1));
                Some(self.bump_with(token::Eq, span))
            }
            _ => None,
        };

        match ate {
            Some(_) => {
                // See doc comment for `unmatched_angle_bracket_count`.
                if self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count > 0 {
                    self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count -= 1;
                    debug!("expect_gt: (decrement) count={:?}", self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count);
                }

                Ok(())
            },
            None => self.unexpected(),
        }
    }

    /// Eats and discards tokens until one of `kets` is encountered. Respects token trees,
    /// passes through any errors encountered. Used for error recovery.
    fn eat_to_tokens(&mut self, kets: &[&token::Token]) {
        let handler = self.diagnostic();

        if let Err(ref mut err) = self.parse_seq_to_before_tokens(kets,
                                                                  SeqSep::none(),
                                                                  TokenExpectType::Expect,
                                                                  |p| Ok(p.parse_token_tree())) {
            handler.cancel(err);
        }
    }

    /// Parses a sequence, including the closing delimiter. The function
    /// `f` must consume tokens until reaching the next separator or
    /// closing bracket.
    pub fn parse_seq_to_end<T, F>(&mut self,
                                  ket: &token::Token,
                                  sep: SeqSep,
                                  f: F)
                                  -> PResult<'a, Vec<T>> where
        F: FnMut(&mut Parser<'a>) -> PResult<'a,  T>,
    {
        let (val, recovered) = self.parse_seq_to_before_end(ket, sep, f)?;
        if !recovered {
            self.bump();
        }
        Ok(val)
    }

    /// Parses a sequence, not including the closing delimiter. The function
    /// `f` must consume tokens until reaching the next separator or
    /// closing bracket.
    pub fn parse_seq_to_before_end<T, F>(
        &mut self,
        ket: &token::Token,
        sep: SeqSep,
        f: F,
    ) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<T>, bool)>
        where F: FnMut(&mut Parser<'a>) -> PResult<'a, T>
    {
        self.parse_seq_to_before_tokens(&[ket], sep, TokenExpectType::Expect, f)
    }

    fn parse_seq_to_before_tokens<T, F>(
        &mut self,
        kets: &[&token::Token],
        sep: SeqSep,
        expect: TokenExpectType,
        mut f: F,
    ) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<T>, bool /* recovered */)>
        where F: FnMut(&mut Parser<'a>) -> PResult<'a, T>
    {
        let mut first = true;
        let mut recovered = false;
        let mut v = vec![];
        while !kets.iter().any(|k| {
                match expect {
                    TokenExpectType::Expect => self.check(k),
                    TokenExpectType::NoExpect => self.token == **k,
                }
            }) {
            match self.token {
                token::CloseDelim(..) | token::Eof => break,
                _ => {}
            };
            if let Some(ref t) = sep.sep {
                if first {
                    first = false;
                } else {
                    match self.expect(t) {
                        Ok(false) => {}
                        Ok(true) => {
                            recovered = true;
                            break;
                        }
                        Err(mut e) => {
                            // Attempt to keep parsing if it was a similar separator
                            if let Some(ref tokens) = t.similar_tokens() {
                                if tokens.contains(&self.token) {
                                    self.bump();
                                }
                            }
                            e.emit();
                            // Attempt to keep parsing if it was an omitted separator
                            match f(self) {
                                Ok(t) => {
                                    v.push(t);
                                    continue;
                                },
                                Err(mut e) => {
                                    e.cancel();
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if sep.trailing_sep_allowed && kets.iter().any(|k| {
                match expect {
                    TokenExpectType::Expect => self.check(k),
                    TokenExpectType::NoExpect => self.token == **k,
                }
            }) {
                break;
            }

            let t = f(self)?;
            v.push(t);
        }

        Ok((v, recovered))
    }

    /// Parses a sequence, including the closing delimiter. The function
    /// `f` must consume tokens until reaching the next separator or
    /// closing bracket.
    fn parse_unspanned_seq<T, F>(
        &mut self,
        bra: &token::Token,
        ket: &token::Token,
        sep: SeqSep,
        f: F,
    ) -> PResult<'a, Vec<T>> where
        F: FnMut(&mut Parser<'a>) -> PResult<'a, T>,
    {
        self.expect(bra)?;
        let (result, recovered) = self.parse_seq_to_before_end(ket, sep, f)?;
        if !recovered {
            self.eat(ket);
        }
        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Advance the parser by one token
    pub fn bump(&mut self) {
        if self.prev_token_kind == PrevTokenKind::Eof {
            // Bumping after EOF is a bad sign, usually an infinite loop.
            self.bug("attempted to bump the parser past EOF (may be stuck in a loop)");
        }

        self.prev_span = self.meta_var_span.take().unwrap_or(self.span);

        // Record last token kind for possible error recovery.
        self.prev_token_kind = match self.token {
            token::DocComment(..) => PrevTokenKind::DocComment,
            token::Comma => PrevTokenKind::Comma,
            token::BinOp(token::Plus) => PrevTokenKind::Plus,
            token::Interpolated(..) => PrevTokenKind::Interpolated,
            token::Eof => PrevTokenKind::Eof,
            token::Ident(..) => PrevTokenKind::Ident,
            _ => PrevTokenKind::Other,
        };

        let next = self.next_tok();
        self.span = next.sp;
        self.token = next.tok;
        self.expected_tokens.clear();
        // check after each token
        self.process_potential_macro_variable();
    }

    /// Advance the parser using provided token as a next one. Use this when
    /// consuming a part of a token. For example a single `<` from `<<`.
    fn bump_with(&mut self, next: token::Token, span: Span) {
        self.prev_span = self.span.with_hi(span.lo());
        // It would be incorrect to record the kind of the current token, but
        // fortunately for tokens currently using `bump_with`, the
        // prev_token_kind will be of no use anyway.
        self.prev_token_kind = PrevTokenKind::Other;
        self.span = span;
        self.token = next;
        self.expected_tokens.clear();
    }

    pub fn look_ahead<R, F>(&self, dist: usize, f: F) -> R where
        F: FnOnce(&token::Token) -> R,
    {
        if dist == 0 {
            return f(&self.token)
        }

        f(&match self.token_cursor.frame.tree_cursor.look_ahead(dist - 1) {
            Some(tree) => match tree {
                TokenTree::Token(_, tok) => tok,
                TokenTree::Delimited(_, delim, _) => token::OpenDelim(delim),
            },
            None => token::CloseDelim(self.token_cursor.frame.delim),
        })
    }

    fn look_ahead_span(&self, dist: usize) -> Span {
        if dist == 0 {
            return self.span
        }

        match self.token_cursor.frame.tree_cursor.look_ahead(dist - 1) {
            Some(TokenTree::Token(span, _)) => span,
            Some(TokenTree::Delimited(span, ..)) => span.entire(),
            None => self.look_ahead_span(dist - 1),
        }
    }
    pub fn fatal(&self, m: &str) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a> {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.struct_span_fatal(self.span, m)
    }
    pub fn span_fatal<S: Into<MultiSpan>>(&self, sp: S, m: &str) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a> {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.struct_span_fatal(sp, m)
    }
    fn span_fatal_err<S: Into<MultiSpan>>(&self, sp: S, err: Error) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a> {
        err.span_err(sp, self.diagnostic())
    }
    fn bug(&self, m: &str) -> ! {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.span_bug(self.span, m)
    }
    fn span_err<S: Into<MultiSpan>>(&self, sp: S, m: &str) {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.span_err(sp, m)
    }
    fn struct_span_err<S: Into<MultiSpan>>(&self, sp: S, m: &str) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a> {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.struct_span_err(sp, m)
    }
    crate fn span_bug<S: Into<MultiSpan>>(&self, sp: S, m: &str) -> ! {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.span_bug(sp, m)
    }

    fn cancel(&self, err: &mut DiagnosticBuilder<'_>) {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.cancel(err)
    }

    crate fn diagnostic(&self) -> &'a errors::Handler {
        &self.sess.span_diagnostic
    }

    /// Is the current token one of the keywords that signals a bare function type?
    fn token_is_bare_fn_keyword(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.check_keyword(keywords::Fn) ||
            self.check_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) ||
            self.check_keyword(keywords::Extern)
    }

    /// Parses a `TyKind::BareFn` type.
    fn parse_ty_bare_fn(&mut self, generic_params: Vec<GenericParam>) -> PResult<'a, TyKind> {
        /*

        [unsafe] [extern "ABI"] fn (S) -> T
         ^~~~^           ^~~~^     ^~^    ^
           |               |        |     |
           |               |        |   Return type
           |               |      Argument types
           |               |
           |              ABI
        Function Style
        */

        let unsafety = self.parse_unsafety();
        let abi = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Extern) {
            self.parse_opt_abi()?.unwrap_or(Abi::C)
        } else {
            Abi::Rust
        };

        self.expect_keyword(keywords::Fn)?;
        let (inputs, variadic) = self.parse_fn_args(false, true)?;
        let ret_ty = self.parse_ret_ty(false)?;
        let decl = P(FnDecl {
            inputs,
            output: ret_ty,
            variadic,
        });
        Ok(TyKind::BareFn(P(BareFnTy {
            abi,
            unsafety,
            generic_params,
            decl,
        })))
    }

    /// Parses asyncness: `async` or nothing.
    fn parse_asyncness(&mut self) -> IsAsync {
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Async) {
            IsAsync::Async {
                closure_id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                return_impl_trait_id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            }
        } else {
            IsAsync::NotAsync
        }
    }

    /// Parses unsafety: `unsafe` or nothing.
    fn parse_unsafety(&mut self) -> Unsafety {
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) {
            Unsafety::Unsafe
        } else {
            Unsafety::Normal
        }
    }

    /// Parses the items in a trait declaration.
    pub fn parse_trait_item(&mut self, at_end: &mut bool) -> PResult<'a, TraitItem> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtTraitItem, |x| x);
        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        let (mut item, tokens) = self.collect_tokens(|this| {
            this.parse_trait_item_(at_end, attrs)
        })?;
        // See `parse_item` for why this clause is here.
        if !item.attrs.iter().any(|attr| attr.style == AttrStyle::Inner) {
            item.tokens = Some(tokens);
        }
        Ok(item)
    }

    fn parse_trait_item_(&mut self,
                         at_end: &mut bool,
                         mut attrs: Vec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, TraitItem> {
        let lo = self.span;

        let (name, node, generics) = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Type) {
            self.parse_trait_item_assoc_ty()?
        } else if self.is_const_item() {
            self.expect_keyword(keywords::Const)?;
            let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
            self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
            let ty = self.parse_ty()?;
            let default = if self.eat(&token::Eq) {
                let expr = self.parse_expr()?;
                self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
                Some(expr)
            } else {
                self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
                None
            };
            (ident, TraitItemKind::Const(ty, default), ast::Generics::default())
        } else if let Some(mac) = self.parse_assoc_macro_invoc("trait", None, &mut false)? {
            // trait item macro.
            (keywords::Invalid.ident(), ast::TraitItemKind::Macro(mac), ast::Generics::default())
        } else {
            let (constness, unsafety, asyncness, abi) = self.parse_fn_front_matter()?;

            let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
            let mut generics = self.parse_generics()?;

            let d = self.parse_fn_decl_with_self(|p: &mut Parser<'a>| {
                // This is somewhat dubious; We don't want to allow
                // argument names to be left off if there is a
                // definition...

                // We don't allow argument names to be left off in edition 2018.
                p.parse_arg_general(p.span.rust_2018(), true)
            })?;
            generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;

            let sig = ast::MethodSig {
                header: FnHeader {
                    unsafety,
                    constness,
                    abi,
                    asyncness,
                },
                decl: d,
            };

            let body = match self.token {
                token::Semi => {
                    self.bump();
                    *at_end = true;
                    debug!("parse_trait_methods(): parsing required method");
                    None
                }
                token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) => {
                    debug!("parse_trait_methods(): parsing provided method");
                    *at_end = true;
                    let (inner_attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
                    attrs.extend(inner_attrs.iter().cloned());
                    Some(body)
                }
                token::Interpolated(ref nt) => {
                    match **nt {
                        token::NtBlock(..) => {
                            *at_end = true;
                            let (inner_attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
                            attrs.extend(inner_attrs.iter().cloned());
                            Some(body)
                        }
                        _ => {
                            let token_str = self.this_token_descr();
                            let mut err = self.fatal(&format!("expected `;` or `{{`, found {}",
                                                              token_str));
                            err.span_label(self.span, "expected `;` or `{`");
                            return Err(err);
                        }
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    let token_str = self.this_token_descr();
                    let mut err = self.fatal(&format!("expected `;` or `{{`, found {}",
                                                      token_str));
                    err.span_label(self.span, "expected `;` or `{`");
                    return Err(err);
                }
            };
            (ident, ast::TraitItemKind::Method(sig, body), generics)
        };

        Ok(TraitItem {
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            ident: name,
            attrs,
            generics,
            node,
            span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
            tokens: None,
        })
    }

    /// Parses an optional return type `[ -> TY ]` in a function declaration.
    fn parse_ret_ty(&mut self, allow_plus: bool) -> PResult<'a, FunctionRetTy> {
        if self.eat(&token::RArrow) {
            Ok(FunctionRetTy::Ty(self.parse_ty_common(allow_plus, true)?))
        } else {
            Ok(FunctionRetTy::Default(self.span.shrink_to_lo()))
        }
    }

    /// Parses a type.
    pub fn parse_ty(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Ty>> {
        self.parse_ty_common(true, true)
    }

    /// Parses a type in restricted contexts where `+` is not permitted.
    ///
    /// Example 1: `&'a TYPE`
    ///     `+` is prohibited to maintain operator priority (P(+) < P(&)).
    /// Example 2: `value1 as TYPE + value2`
    ///     `+` is prohibited to avoid interactions with expression grammar.
    fn parse_ty_no_plus(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Ty>> {
        self.parse_ty_common(false, true)
    }

    fn parse_ty_common(&mut self, allow_plus: bool, allow_qpath_recovery: bool)
                       -> PResult<'a, P<Ty>> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtTy, |x| x);

        let lo = self.span;
        let mut impl_dyn_multi = false;
        let node = if self.eat(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren)) {
            // `(TYPE)` is a parenthesized type.
            // `(TYPE,)` is a tuple with a single field of type TYPE.
            let mut ts = vec![];
            let mut last_comma = false;
            while self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Paren) {
                ts.push(self.parse_ty()?);
                if self.eat(&token::Comma) {
                    last_comma = true;
                } else {
                    last_comma = false;
                    break;
                }
            }
            let trailing_plus = self.prev_token_kind == PrevTokenKind::Plus;
            self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?;

            if ts.len() == 1 && !last_comma {
                let ty = ts.into_iter().nth(0).unwrap().into_inner();
                let maybe_bounds = allow_plus && self.token.is_like_plus();
                match ty.node {
                    // `(TY_BOUND_NOPAREN) + BOUND + ...`.
                    TyKind::Path(None, ref path) if maybe_bounds => {
                        self.parse_remaining_bounds(Vec::new(), path.clone(), lo, true)?
                    }
                    TyKind::TraitObject(ref bounds, TraitObjectSyntax::None)
                            if maybe_bounds && bounds.len() == 1 && !trailing_plus => {
                        let path = match bounds[0] {
                            GenericBound::Trait(ref pt, ..) => pt.trait_ref.path.clone(),
                            GenericBound::Outlives(..) => self.bug("unexpected lifetime bound"),
                        };
                        self.parse_remaining_bounds(Vec::new(), path, lo, true)?
                    }
                    // `(TYPE)`
                    _ => TyKind::Paren(P(ty))
                }
            } else {
                TyKind::Tup(ts)
            }
        } else if self.eat(&token::Not) {
            // Never type `!`
            TyKind::Never
        } else if self.eat(&token::BinOp(token::Star)) {
            // Raw pointer
            TyKind::Ptr(self.parse_ptr()?)
        } else if self.eat(&token::OpenDelim(token::Bracket)) {
            // Array or slice
            let t = self.parse_ty()?;
            // Parse optional `; EXPR` in `[TYPE; EXPR]`
            let t = match self.maybe_parse_fixed_length_of_vec()? {
                None => TyKind::Slice(t),
                Some(length) => TyKind::Array(t, AnonConst {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    value: length,
                }),
            };
            self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket))?;
            t
        } else if self.check(&token::BinOp(token::And)) || self.check(&token::AndAnd) {
            // Reference
            self.expect_and()?;
            self.parse_borrowed_pointee()?
        } else if self.eat_keyword_noexpect(keywords::Typeof) {
            // `typeof(EXPR)`
            // In order to not be ambiguous, the type must be surrounded by parens.
            self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren))?;
            let e = AnonConst {
                id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                value: self.parse_expr()?,
            };
            self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?;
            TyKind::Typeof(e)
        } else if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Underscore) {
            // A type to be inferred `_`
            TyKind::Infer
        } else if self.token_is_bare_fn_keyword() {
            // Function pointer type
            self.parse_ty_bare_fn(Vec::new())?
        } else if self.check_keyword(keywords::For) {
            // Function pointer type or bound list (trait object type) starting with a poly-trait.
            //   `for<'lt> [unsafe] [extern "ABI"] fn (&'lt S) -> T`
            //   `for<'lt> Trait1<'lt> + Trait2 + 'a`
            let lo = self.span;
            let lifetime_defs = self.parse_late_bound_lifetime_defs()?;
            if self.token_is_bare_fn_keyword() {
                self.parse_ty_bare_fn(lifetime_defs)?
            } else {
                let path = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Type)?;
                let parse_plus = allow_plus && self.check_plus();
                self.parse_remaining_bounds(lifetime_defs, path, lo, parse_plus)?
            }
        } else if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Impl) {
            // Always parse bounds greedily for better error recovery.
            let bounds = self.parse_generic_bounds(None)?;
            impl_dyn_multi = bounds.len() > 1 || self.prev_token_kind == PrevTokenKind::Plus;
            TyKind::ImplTrait(ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID, bounds)
        } else if self.check_keyword(keywords::Dyn) &&
                  (self.span.rust_2018() ||
                   self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.can_begin_bound() &&
                                          !can_continue_type_after_non_fn_ident(t))) {
            self.bump(); // `dyn`
            // Always parse bounds greedily for better error recovery.
            let bounds = self.parse_generic_bounds(None)?;
            impl_dyn_multi = bounds.len() > 1 || self.prev_token_kind == PrevTokenKind::Plus;
            TyKind::TraitObject(bounds, TraitObjectSyntax::Dyn)
        } else if self.check(&token::Question) ||
                  self.check_lifetime() && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_like_plus()) {
            // Bound list (trait object type)
            TyKind::TraitObject(self.parse_generic_bounds_common(allow_plus, None)?,
                                TraitObjectSyntax::None)
        } else if self.eat_lt() {
            // Qualified path
            let (qself, path) = self.parse_qpath(PathStyle::Type)?;
            TyKind::Path(Some(qself), path)
        } else if self.token.is_path_start() {
            // Simple path
            let path = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Type)?;
            if self.eat(&token::Not) {
                // Macro invocation in type position
                let (delim, tts) = self.expect_delimited_token_tree()?;
                let node = Mac_ { path, tts, delim };
                TyKind::Mac(respan(lo.to(self.prev_span), node))
            } else {
                // Just a type path or bound list (trait object type) starting with a trait.
                //   `Type`
                //   `Trait1 + Trait2 + 'a`
                if allow_plus && self.check_plus() {
                    self.parse_remaining_bounds(Vec::new(), path, lo, true)?
                } else {
                    TyKind::Path(None, path)
                }
            }
        } else {
            let msg = format!("expected type, found {}", self.this_token_descr());
            return Err(self.fatal(&msg));
        };

        let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
        let ty = Ty { node, span, id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID };

        // Try to recover from use of `+` with incorrect priority.
        self.maybe_report_ambiguous_plus(allow_plus, impl_dyn_multi, &ty);
        self.maybe_recover_from_bad_type_plus(allow_plus, &ty)?;
        let ty = self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(ty, allow_qpath_recovery)?;

        Ok(P(ty))
    }

    fn parse_remaining_bounds(&mut self, generic_params: Vec<GenericParam>, path: ast::Path,
                              lo: Span, parse_plus: bool) -> PResult<'a, TyKind> {
        let poly_trait_ref = PolyTraitRef::new(generic_params, path, lo.to(self.prev_span));
        let mut bounds = vec![GenericBound::Trait(poly_trait_ref, TraitBoundModifier::None)];
        if parse_plus {
            self.eat_plus(); // `+`, or `+=` gets split and `+` is discarded
            bounds.append(&mut self.parse_generic_bounds(None)?);
        }
        Ok(TyKind::TraitObject(bounds, TraitObjectSyntax::None))
    }

    fn maybe_report_ambiguous_plus(&mut self, allow_plus: bool, impl_dyn_multi: bool, ty: &Ty) {
        if !allow_plus && impl_dyn_multi {
            let sum_with_parens = format!("({})", pprust::ty_to_string(&ty));
            self.struct_span_err(ty.span, "ambiguous `+` in a type")
                .span_suggestion(
                    ty.span,
                    "use parentheses to disambiguate",
                    sum_with_parens,
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable
                ).emit();
        }
    }

    fn maybe_recover_from_bad_type_plus(&mut self, allow_plus: bool, ty: &Ty) -> PResult<'a, ()> {
        // Do not add `+` to expected tokens.
        if !allow_plus || !self.token.is_like_plus() {
            return Ok(())
        }

        self.bump(); // `+`
        let bounds = self.parse_generic_bounds(None)?;
        let sum_span = ty.span.to(self.prev_span);

        let mut err = struct_span_err!(self.sess.span_diagnostic, sum_span, E0178,
            "expected a path on the left-hand side of `+`, not `{}`", pprust::ty_to_string(ty));

        match ty.node {
            TyKind::Rptr(ref lifetime, ref mut_ty) => {
                let sum_with_parens = pprust::to_string(|s| {
                    use crate::print::pprust::PrintState;

                    s.s.word("&")?;
                    s.print_opt_lifetime(lifetime)?;
                    s.print_mutability(mut_ty.mutbl)?;
                    s.popen()?;
                    s.print_type(&mut_ty.ty)?;
                    s.print_type_bounds(" +", &bounds)?;
                    s.pclose()
                });
                err.span_suggestion(
                    sum_span,
                    "try adding parentheses",
                    sum_with_parens,
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable
                );
            }
            TyKind::Ptr(..) | TyKind::BareFn(..) => {
                err.span_label(sum_span, "perhaps you forgot parentheses?");
            }
            _ => {
                err.span_label(sum_span, "expected a path");
            },
        }
        err.emit();
        Ok(())
    }

    // Try to recover from associated item paths like `[T]::AssocItem`/`(T, U)::AssocItem`.
    fn maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath<T: RecoverQPath>(&mut self, base: T, allow_recovery: bool)
                                                     -> PResult<'a, T> {
        // Do not add `::` to expected tokens.
        if !allow_recovery || self.token != token::ModSep {
            return Ok(base);
        }
        let ty = match base.to_ty() {
            Some(ty) => ty,
            None => return Ok(base),
        };

        self.bump(); // `::`
        let mut segments = Vec::new();
        self.parse_path_segments(&mut segments, T::PATH_STYLE, true)?;

        let span = ty.span.to(self.prev_span);
        let path_span = span.to(span); // use an empty path since `position` == 0
        let recovered = base.to_recovered(
            Some(QSelf { ty, path_span, position: 0 }),
            ast::Path { segments, span },
        );

        self.diagnostic()
            .struct_span_err(span, "missing angle brackets in associated item path")
            .span_suggestion( // this is a best-effort recovery
                span, "try", recovered.to_string(), Applicability::MaybeIncorrect
            ).emit();

        Ok(recovered)
    }

    fn parse_borrowed_pointee(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, TyKind> {
        let opt_lifetime = if self.check_lifetime() { Some(self.expect_lifetime()) } else { None };
        let mutbl = self.parse_mutability();
        let ty = self.parse_ty_no_plus()?;
        return Ok(TyKind::Rptr(opt_lifetime, MutTy { ty: ty, mutbl: mutbl }));
    }

    fn parse_ptr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, MutTy> {
        let mutbl = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Mut) {
            Mutability::Mutable
        } else if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Const) {
            Mutability::Immutable
        } else {
            let span = self.prev_span;
            let msg = "expected mut or const in raw pointer type";
            self.struct_span_err(span, msg)
                .span_label(span, msg)
                .help("use `*mut T` or `*const T` as appropriate")
                .emit();
            Mutability::Immutable
        };
        let t = self.parse_ty_no_plus()?;
        Ok(MutTy { ty: t, mutbl: mutbl })
    }

    fn is_named_argument(&mut self) -> bool {
        let offset = match self.token {
            token::Interpolated(ref nt) => match **nt {
                token::NtPat(..) => return self.look_ahead(1, |t| t == &token::Colon),
                _ => 0,
            }
            token::BinOp(token::And) | token::AndAnd => 1,
            _ if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Mut) => 1,
            _ => 0,
        };

        self.look_ahead(offset, |t| t.is_ident()) &&
        self.look_ahead(offset + 1, |t| t == &token::Colon)
    }

    /// Skips unexpected attributes and doc comments in this position and emits an appropriate
    /// error.
    fn eat_incorrect_doc_comment(&mut self, applied_to: &str) {
        if let token::DocComment(_) = self.token {
            let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(
                self.span,
                &format!("documentation comments cannot be applied to {}", applied_to),
            );
            err.span_label(self.span, "doc comments are not allowed here");
            err.emit();
            self.bump();
        } else if self.token == token::Pound && self.look_ahead(1, |t| {
            *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Bracket)
        }) {
            let lo = self.span;
            // Skip every token until next possible arg.
            while self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket) {
                self.bump();
            }
            let sp = lo.to(self.span);
            self.bump();
            let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(
                sp,
                &format!("attributes cannot be applied to {}", applied_to),
            );
            err.span_label(sp, "attributes are not allowed here");
            err.emit();
        }
    }

    /// This version of parse arg doesn't necessarily require identifier names.
    fn parse_arg_general(&mut self, require_name: bool, is_trait_item: bool) -> PResult<'a, Arg> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtArg, |x| x);

        if let Ok(Some(_)) = self.parse_self_arg() {
            let mut err = self.struct_span_err(self.prev_span,
                "unexpected `self` argument in function");
            err.span_label(self.prev_span,
                "`self` is only valid as the first argument of an associated function");
            return Err(err);
        }

        let (pat, ty) = if require_name || self.is_named_argument() {
            debug!("parse_arg_general parse_pat (require_name:{})",
                   require_name);
            self.eat_incorrect_doc_comment("method arguments");
            let pat = self.parse_pat(Some("argument name"))?;

            if let Err(mut err) = self.expect(&token::Colon) {
                // If we find a pattern followed by an identifier, it could be an (incorrect)
                // C-style parameter declaration.
                if self.check_ident() && self.look_ahead(1, |t| {
                    *t == token::Comma || *t == token::CloseDelim(token::Paren)
                }) {
                    let ident = self.parse_ident().unwrap();
                    let span = pat.span.with_hi(ident.span.hi());

                    err.span_suggestion(
                        span,
                        "declare the type after the parameter binding",
                        String::from("<identifier>: <type>"),
                        Applicability::HasPlaceholders,
                    );
                } else if require_name && is_trait_item {
                    if let PatKind::Ident(_, ident, _) = pat.node {
                        err.span_suggestion(
                            pat.span,
                            "explicitly ignore parameter",
                            format!("_: {}", ident),
                            Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                        );
                    }

                    err.note("anonymous parameters are removed in the 2018 edition (see RFC 1685)");
                }

                return Err(err);
            }

            self.eat_incorrect_doc_comment("a method argument's type");
            (pat, self.parse_ty()?)
        } else {
            debug!("parse_arg_general ident_to_pat");
            let parser_snapshot_before_ty = self.clone();
            self.eat_incorrect_doc_comment("a method argument's type");
            let mut ty = self.parse_ty();
            if ty.is_ok() && self.token != token::Comma &&
               self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Paren) {
                // This wasn't actually a type, but a pattern looking like a type,
                // so we are going to rollback and re-parse for recovery.
                ty = self.unexpected();
            }
            match ty {
                Ok(ty) => {
                    let ident = Ident::new(keywords::Invalid.name(), self.prev_span);
                    let pat = P(Pat {
                        id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                        node: PatKind::Ident(
                            BindingMode::ByValue(Mutability::Immutable), ident, None),
                        span: ty.span,
                    });
                    (pat, ty)
                }
                Err(mut err) => {
                    // Recover from attempting to parse the argument as a type without pattern.
                    err.cancel();
                    mem::replace(self, parser_snapshot_before_ty);
                    let pat = self.parse_pat(Some("argument name"))?;
                    self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
                    let ty = self.parse_ty()?;

                    let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err_with_code(
                        pat.span,
                        "patterns aren't allowed in methods without bodies",
                        DiagnosticId::Error("E0642".into()),
                    );
                    err.span_suggestion_short(
                        pat.span,
                        "give this argument a name or use an underscore to ignore it",
                        "_".to_owned(),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                    );
                    err.emit();

                    // Pretend the pattern is `_`, to avoid duplicate errors from AST validation.
                    let pat = P(Pat {
                        node: PatKind::Wild,
                        span: pat.span,
                        id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID
                    });
                    (pat, ty)
                }
            }
        };

        Ok(Arg { ty, pat, id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID })
    }

    /// Parses a single function argument.
    crate fn parse_arg(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Arg> {
        self.parse_arg_general(true, false)
    }

    /// Parses an argument in a lambda header (e.g., `|arg, arg|`).
    fn parse_fn_block_arg(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Arg> {
        let pat = self.parse_pat(Some("argument name"))?;
        let t = if self.eat(&token::Colon) {
            self.parse_ty()?
        } else {
            P(Ty {
                id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                node: TyKind::Infer,
                span: self.prev_span,
            })
        };
        Ok(Arg {
            ty: t,
            pat,
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID
        })
    }

    fn maybe_parse_fixed_length_of_vec(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Option<P<ast::Expr>>> {
        if self.eat(&token::Semi) {
            Ok(Some(self.parse_expr()?))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Matches `token_lit = LIT_INTEGER | ...`.
    fn parse_lit_token(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, LitKind> {
        let out = match self.token {
            token::Interpolated(ref nt) => match **nt {
                token::NtExpr(ref v) | token::NtLiteral(ref v) => match v.node {
                    ExprKind::Lit(ref lit) => { lit.node.clone() }
                    _ => { return self.unexpected_last(&self.token); }
                },
                _ => { return self.unexpected_last(&self.token); }
            },
            token::Literal(lit, suf) => {
                let diag = Some((self.span, &self.sess.span_diagnostic));
                let (suffix_illegal, result) = parse::lit_token(lit, suf, diag);

                if suffix_illegal {
                    let sp = self.span;
                    self.expect_no_suffix(sp, lit.literal_name(), suf)
                }

                result.unwrap()
            }
            token::Dot if self.look_ahead(1, |t| match t {
                token::Literal(parse::token::Lit::Integer(_) , _) => true,
                _ => false,
            }) => { // recover from `let x = .4;`
                let lo = self.span;
                self.bump();
                if let token::Literal(
                    parse::token::Lit::Integer(val),
                    suffix,
                ) = self.token {
                    let suffix = suffix.and_then(|s| {
                        let s = s.as_str().get();
                        if ["f32", "f64"].contains(&s) {
                            Some(s)
                        } else {
                            None
                        }
                    }).unwrap_or("");
                    self.bump();
                    let sp = lo.to(self.prev_span);
                    let mut err = self.diagnostic()
                        .struct_span_err(sp, "float literals must have an integer part");
                    err.span_suggestion(
                        sp,
                        "must have an integer part",
                        format!("0.{}{}", val, suffix),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                    );
                    err.emit();
                    return Ok(match suffix {
                        "f32" => ast::LitKind::Float(val, ast::FloatTy::F32),
                        "f64" => ast::LitKind::Float(val, ast::FloatTy::F64),
                        _ => ast::LitKind::FloatUnsuffixed(val),
                    });
                } else {
                    unreachable!();
                };
            }
            _ => { return self.unexpected_last(&self.token); }
        };

        self.bump();
        Ok(out)
    }

    /// Matches `lit = true | false | token_lit`.
    crate fn parse_lit(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Lit> {
        let lo = self.span;
        let lit = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::True) {
            LitKind::Bool(true)
        } else if self.eat_keyword(keywords::False) {
            LitKind::Bool(false)
        } else {
            let lit = self.parse_lit_token()?;
            lit
        };
        Ok(source_map::Spanned { node: lit, span: lo.to(self.prev_span) })
    }

    /// Matches `'-' lit | lit` (cf. `ast_validation::AstValidator::check_expr_within_pat`).
    crate fn parse_literal_maybe_minus(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        maybe_whole_expr!(self);

        let minus_lo = self.span;
        let minus_present = self.eat(&token::BinOp(token::Minus));
        let lo = self.span;
        let literal = self.parse_lit()?;
        let hi = self.prev_span;
        let expr = self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::Lit(literal), ThinVec::new());

        if minus_present {
            let minus_hi = self.prev_span;
            let unary = self.mk_unary(UnOp::Neg, expr);
            Ok(self.mk_expr(minus_lo.to(minus_hi), unary, ThinVec::new()))
        } else {
            Ok(expr)
        }
    }

    fn parse_path_segment_ident(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ast::Ident> {
        match self.token {
            token::Ident(ident, _) if self.token.is_path_segment_keyword() => {
                let span = self.span;
                self.bump();
                Ok(Ident::new(ident.name, span))
            }
            _ => self.parse_ident(),
        }
    }

    fn parse_ident_or_underscore(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ast::Ident> {
        match self.token {
            token::Ident(ident, false) if ident.name == keywords::Underscore.name() => {
                let span = self.span;
                self.bump();
                Ok(Ident::new(ident.name, span))
            }
            _ => self.parse_ident(),
        }
    }

    /// Parses a qualified path.
    /// Assumes that the leading `<` has been parsed already.
    ///
    /// `qualified_path = <type [as trait_ref]>::path`
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// `<T>::default`
    /// `<T as U>::a`
    /// `<T as U>::F::a<S>` (without disambiguator)
    /// `<T as U>::F::a::<S>` (with disambiguator)
    fn parse_qpath(&mut self, style: PathStyle) -> PResult<'a, (QSelf, ast::Path)> {
        let lo = self.prev_span;
        let ty = self.parse_ty()?;

        // `path` will contain the prefix of the path up to the `>`,
        // if any (e.g., `U` in the `<T as U>::*` examples
        // above). `path_span` has the span of that path, or an empty
        // span in the case of something like `<T>::Bar`.
        let (mut path, path_span);
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::As) {
            let path_lo = self.span;
            path = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Type)?;
            path_span = path_lo.to(self.prev_span);
        } else {
            path = ast::Path { segments: Vec::new(), span: syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP };
            path_span = self.span.to(self.span);
        }

        // See doc comment for `unmatched_angle_bracket_count`.
        self.expect(&token::Gt)?;
        if self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count > 0 {
            self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count -= 1;
            debug!("parse_qpath: (decrement) count={:?}", self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count);
        }

        self.expect(&token::ModSep)?;

        let qself = QSelf { ty, path_span, position: path.segments.len() };
        self.parse_path_segments(&mut path.segments, style, true)?;

        Ok((qself, ast::Path { segments: path.segments, span: lo.to(self.prev_span) }))
    }

    /// Parses simple paths.
    ///
    /// `path = [::] segment+`
    /// `segment = ident | ident[::]<args> | ident[::](args) [-> type]`
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// `a::b::C<D>` (without disambiguator)
    /// `a::b::C::<D>` (with disambiguator)
    /// `Fn(Args)` (without disambiguator)
    /// `Fn::(Args)` (with disambiguator)
    pub fn parse_path(&mut self, style: PathStyle) -> PResult<'a, ast::Path> {
        self.parse_path_common(style, true)
    }

    crate fn parse_path_common(&mut self, style: PathStyle, enable_warning: bool)
                             -> PResult<'a, ast::Path> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtPath, |path| {
            if style == PathStyle::Mod &&
               path.segments.iter().any(|segment| segment.args.is_some()) {
                self.diagnostic().span_err(path.span, "unexpected generic arguments in path");
            }
            path
        });

        let lo = self.meta_var_span.unwrap_or(self.span);
        let mut segments = Vec::new();
        let mod_sep_ctxt = self.span.ctxt();
        if self.eat(&token::ModSep) {
            segments.push(PathSegment::path_root(lo.shrink_to_lo().with_ctxt(mod_sep_ctxt)));
        }
        self.parse_path_segments(&mut segments, style, enable_warning)?;

        Ok(ast::Path { segments, span: lo.to(self.prev_span) })
    }

    /// Like `parse_path`, but also supports parsing `Word` meta items into paths for
    /// backwards-compatibility. This is used when parsing derive macro paths in `#[derive]`
    /// attributes.
    pub fn parse_path_allowing_meta(&mut self, style: PathStyle) -> PResult<'a, ast::Path> {
        let meta_ident = match self.token {
            token::Interpolated(ref nt) => match **nt {
                token::NtMeta(ref meta) => match meta.node {
                    ast::MetaItemKind::Word => Some(meta.ident.clone()),
                    _ => None,
                },
                _ => None,
            },
            _ => None,
        };
        if let Some(path) = meta_ident {
            self.bump();
            return Ok(path);
        }
        self.parse_path(style)
    }

    fn parse_path_segments(&mut self,
                           segments: &mut Vec<PathSegment>,
                           style: PathStyle,
                           enable_warning: bool)
                           -> PResult<'a, ()> {
        loop {
            let segment = self.parse_path_segment(style, enable_warning)?;
            if style == PathStyle::Expr {
                // In order to check for trailing angle brackets, we must have finished
                // recursing (`parse_path_segment` can indirectly call this function),
                // that is, the next token must be the highlighted part of the below example:
                //
                // `Foo::<Bar as Baz<T>>::Qux`
                //                      ^ here
                //
                // As opposed to the below highlight (if we had only finished the first
                // recursion):
                //
                // `Foo::<Bar as Baz<T>>::Qux`
                //                     ^ here
                //
                // `PathStyle::Expr` is only provided at the root invocation and never in
                // `parse_path_segment` to recurse and therefore can be checked to maintain
                // this invariant.
                self.check_trailing_angle_brackets(&segment, token::ModSep);
            }
            segments.push(segment);

            if self.is_import_coupler() || !self.eat(&token::ModSep) {
                return Ok(());
            }
        }
    }

    fn parse_path_segment(&mut self, style: PathStyle, enable_warning: bool)
                          -> PResult<'a, PathSegment> {
        let ident = self.parse_path_segment_ident()?;

        let is_args_start = |token: &token::Token| match *token {
            token::Lt | token::BinOp(token::Shl) | token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) => true,
            _ => false,
        };
        let check_args_start = |this: &mut Self| {
            this.expected_tokens.extend_from_slice(
                &[TokenType::Token(token::Lt), TokenType::Token(token::OpenDelim(token::Paren))]
            );
            is_args_start(&this.token)
        };

        Ok(if style == PathStyle::Type && check_args_start(self) ||
              style != PathStyle::Mod && self.check(&token::ModSep)
                                      && self.look_ahead(1, |t| is_args_start(t)) {
            // Generic arguments are found - `<`, `(`, `::<` or `::(`.
            if self.eat(&token::ModSep) && style == PathStyle::Type && enable_warning {
                self.diagnostic().struct_span_warn(self.prev_span, "unnecessary path disambiguator")
                                 .span_label(self.prev_span, "try removing `::`").emit();
            }
            let lo = self.span;

            // We use `style == PathStyle::Expr` to check if this is in a recursion or not. If
            // it isn't, then we reset the unmatched angle bracket count as we're about to start
            // parsing a new path.
            if style == PathStyle::Expr {
                self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count = 0;
                self.max_angle_bracket_count = 0;
            }

            let args = if self.eat_lt() {
                // `<'a, T, A = U>`
                let (args, bindings) =
                    self.parse_generic_args_with_leaning_angle_bracket_recovery(style, lo)?;
                self.expect_gt()?;
                let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
                AngleBracketedArgs { args, bindings, span }.into()
            } else {
                // `(T, U) -> R`
                self.bump(); // `(`
                let (inputs, recovered) = self.parse_seq_to_before_tokens(
                    &[&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren)],
                    SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
                    TokenExpectType::Expect,
                    |p| p.parse_ty())?;
                if !recovered {
                    self.bump(); // `)`
                }
                let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
                let output = if self.eat(&token::RArrow) {
                    Some(self.parse_ty_common(false, false)?)
                } else {
                    None
                };
                ParenthesizedArgs { inputs, output, span }.into()
            };

            PathSegment { ident, args, id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID }
        } else {
            // Generic arguments are not found.
            PathSegment::from_ident(ident)
        })
    }

    crate fn check_lifetime(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Lifetime);
        self.token.is_lifetime()
    }

    /// Parses a single lifetime `'a` or panics.
    crate fn expect_lifetime(&mut self) -> Lifetime {
        if let Some(ident) = self.token.lifetime() {
            let span = self.span;
            self.bump();
            Lifetime { ident: Ident::new(ident.name, span), id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID }
        } else {
            self.span_bug(self.span, "not a lifetime")
        }
    }

    fn eat_label(&mut self) -> Option<Label> {
        if let Some(ident) = self.token.lifetime() {
            let span = self.span;
            self.bump();
            Some(Label { ident: Ident::new(ident.name, span) })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Parses mutability (`mut` or nothing).
    fn parse_mutability(&mut self) -> Mutability {
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Mut) {
            Mutability::Mutable
        } else {
            Mutability::Immutable
        }
    }

    fn parse_field_name(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Ident> {
        if let token::Literal(token::Integer(name), None) = self.token {
            self.bump();
            Ok(Ident::new(name, self.prev_span))
        } else {
            self.parse_ident_common(false)
        }
    }

    /// Parse ident (COLON expr)?
    fn parse_field(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Field> {
        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        let lo = self.span;

        // Check if a colon exists one ahead. This means we're parsing a fieldname.
        let (fieldname, expr, is_shorthand) = if self.look_ahead(1, |t| {
            t == &token::Colon || t == &token::Eq
        }) {
            let fieldname = self.parse_field_name()?;

            // Check for an equals token. This means the source incorrectly attempts to
            // initialize a field with an eq rather than a colon.
            if self.token == token::Eq {
                self.diagnostic()
                    .struct_span_err(self.span, "expected `:`, found `=`")
                    .span_suggestion(
                        fieldname.span.shrink_to_hi().to(self.span),
                        "replace equals symbol with a colon",
                        ":".to_string(),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                    )
                    .emit();
            }
            self.bump(); // `:`
            (fieldname, self.parse_expr()?, false)
        } else {
            let fieldname = self.parse_ident_common(false)?;

            // Mimic `x: x` for the `x` field shorthand.
            let path = ast::Path::from_ident(fieldname);
            let expr = self.mk_expr(fieldname.span, ExprKind::Path(None, path), ThinVec::new());
            (fieldname, expr, true)
        };
        Ok(ast::Field {
            ident: fieldname,
            span: lo.to(expr.span),
            expr,
            is_shorthand,
            attrs: attrs.into(),
        })
    }

    fn mk_expr(&mut self, span: Span, node: ExprKind, attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>) -> P<Expr> {
        P(Expr { node, span, attrs, id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID })
    }

    fn mk_unary(&mut self, unop: ast::UnOp, expr: P<Expr>) -> ast::ExprKind {
        ExprKind::Unary(unop, expr)
    }

    fn mk_binary(&mut self, binop: ast::BinOp, lhs: P<Expr>, rhs: P<Expr>) -> ast::ExprKind {
        ExprKind::Binary(binop, lhs, rhs)
    }

    fn mk_call(&mut self, f: P<Expr>, args: Vec<P<Expr>>) -> ast::ExprKind {
        ExprKind::Call(f, args)
    }

    fn mk_index(&mut self, expr: P<Expr>, idx: P<Expr>) -> ast::ExprKind {
        ExprKind::Index(expr, idx)
    }

    fn mk_range(&mut self,
                    start: Option<P<Expr>>,
                    end: Option<P<Expr>>,
                    limits: RangeLimits)
                    -> PResult<'a, ast::ExprKind> {
        if end.is_none() && limits == RangeLimits::Closed {
            Err(self.span_fatal_err(self.span, Error::InclusiveRangeWithNoEnd))
        } else {
            Ok(ExprKind::Range(start, end, limits))
        }
    }

    fn mk_assign_op(&mut self, binop: ast::BinOp,
                        lhs: P<Expr>, rhs: P<Expr>) -> ast::ExprKind {
        ExprKind::AssignOp(binop, lhs, rhs)
    }

    pub fn mk_mac_expr(&mut self, span: Span, m: Mac_, attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>) -> P<Expr> {
        P(Expr {
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            node: ExprKind::Mac(source_map::Spanned {node: m, span: span}),
            span,
            attrs,
        })
    }

    fn expect_delimited_token_tree(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (MacDelimiter, TokenStream)> {
        let delim = match self.token {
            token::OpenDelim(delim) => delim,
            _ => {
                let msg = "expected open delimiter";
                let mut err = self.fatal(msg);
                err.span_label(self.span, msg);
                return Err(err)
            }
        };
        let tts = match self.parse_token_tree() {
            TokenTree::Delimited(_, _, tts) => tts,
            _ => unreachable!(),
        };
        let delim = match delim {
            token::Paren => MacDelimiter::Parenthesis,
            token::Bracket => MacDelimiter::Bracket,
            token::Brace => MacDelimiter::Brace,
            token::NoDelim => self.bug("unexpected no delimiter"),
        };
        Ok((delim, tts.into()))
    }

    /// At the bottom (top?) of the precedence hierarchy,
    /// Parses things like parenthesized exprs, macros, `return`, etc.
    ///
    /// N.B., this does not parse outer attributes, and is private because it only works
    /// correctly if called from `parse_dot_or_call_expr()`.
    fn parse_bottom_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        maybe_whole_expr!(self);

        // Outer attributes are already parsed and will be
        // added to the return value after the fact.
        //
        // Therefore, prevent sub-parser from parsing
        // attributes by giving them a empty "already parsed" list.
        let mut attrs = ThinVec::new();

        let lo = self.span;
        let mut hi = self.span;

        let ex: ExprKind;

        // Note: when adding new syntax here, don't forget to adjust Token::can_begin_expr().
        match self.token {
            token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) => {
                self.bump();

                attrs.extend(self.parse_inner_attributes()?);

                // (e) is parenthesized e
                // (e,) is a tuple with only one field, e
                let mut es = vec![];
                let mut trailing_comma = false;
                let mut recovered = false;
                while self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Paren) {
                    es.push(self.parse_expr()?);
                    recovered = self.expect_one_of(
                        &[],
                        &[token::Comma, token::CloseDelim(token::Paren)],
                    )?;
                    if self.eat(&token::Comma) {
                        trailing_comma = true;
                    } else {
                        trailing_comma = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if !recovered {
                    self.bump();
                }

                hi = self.prev_span;
                ex = if es.len() == 1 && !trailing_comma {
                    ExprKind::Paren(es.into_iter().nth(0).unwrap())
                } else {
                    ExprKind::Tup(es)
                };
            }
            token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) => {
                return self.parse_block_expr(None, lo, BlockCheckMode::Default, attrs);
            }
            token::BinOp(token::Or) | token::OrOr => {
                return self.parse_lambda_expr(attrs);
            }
            token::OpenDelim(token::Bracket) => {
                self.bump();

                attrs.extend(self.parse_inner_attributes()?);

                if self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket)) {
                    // Empty vector.
                    ex = ExprKind::Array(Vec::new());
                } else {
                    // Nonempty vector.
                    let first_expr = self.parse_expr()?;
                    if self.eat(&token::Semi) {
                        // Repeating array syntax: [ 0; 512 ]
                        let count = AnonConst {
                            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                            value: self.parse_expr()?,
                        };
                        self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket))?;
                        ex = ExprKind::Repeat(first_expr, count);
                    } else if self.eat(&token::Comma) {
                        // Vector with two or more elements.
                        let remaining_exprs = self.parse_seq_to_end(
                            &token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket),
                            SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
                            |p| Ok(p.parse_expr()?)
                        )?;
                        let mut exprs = vec![first_expr];
                        exprs.extend(remaining_exprs);
                        ex = ExprKind::Array(exprs);
                    } else {
                        // Vector with one element.
                        self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket))?;
                        ex = ExprKind::Array(vec![first_expr]);
                    }
                }
                hi = self.prev_span;
            }
            _ => {
                if self.eat_lt() {
                    let (qself, path) = self.parse_qpath(PathStyle::Expr)?;
                    hi = path.span;
                    return Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::Path(Some(qself), path), attrs));
                }
                if self.span.rust_2018() && self.check_keyword(keywords::Async)
                {
                    if self.is_async_block() { // check for `async {` and `async move {`
                        return self.parse_async_block(attrs);
                    } else {
                        return self.parse_lambda_expr(attrs);
                    }
                }
                if self.check_keyword(keywords::Move) || self.check_keyword(keywords::Static) {
                    return self.parse_lambda_expr(attrs);
                }
                if self.eat_keyword(keywords::If) {
                    return self.parse_if_expr(attrs);
                }
                if self.eat_keyword(keywords::For) {
                    let lo = self.prev_span;
                    return self.parse_for_expr(None, lo, attrs);
                }
                if self.eat_keyword(keywords::While) {
                    let lo = self.prev_span;
                    return self.parse_while_expr(None, lo, attrs);
                }
                if let Some(label) = self.eat_label() {
                    let lo = label.ident.span;
                    self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
                    if self.eat_keyword(keywords::While) {
                        return self.parse_while_expr(Some(label), lo, attrs)
                    }
                    if self.eat_keyword(keywords::For) {
                        return self.parse_for_expr(Some(label), lo, attrs)
                    }
                    if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Loop) {
                        return self.parse_loop_expr(Some(label), lo, attrs)
                    }
                    if self.token == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) {
                        return self.parse_block_expr(Some(label),
                                                     lo,
                                                     BlockCheckMode::Default,
                                                     attrs);
                    }
                    let msg = "expected `while`, `for`, `loop` or `{` after a label";
                    let mut err = self.fatal(msg);
                    err.span_label(self.span, msg);
                    return Err(err);
                }
                if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Loop) {
                    let lo = self.prev_span;
                    return self.parse_loop_expr(None, lo, attrs);
                }
                if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Continue) {
                    let label = self.eat_label();
                    let ex = ExprKind::Continue(label);
                    let hi = self.prev_span;
                    return Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ex, attrs));
                }
                if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Match) {
                    let match_sp = self.prev_span;
                    return self.parse_match_expr(attrs).map_err(|mut err| {
                        err.span_label(match_sp, "while parsing this match expression");
                        err
                    });
                }
                if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) {
                    return self.parse_block_expr(
                        None,
                        lo,
                        BlockCheckMode::Unsafe(ast::UserProvided),
                        attrs);
                }
                if self.is_do_catch_block() {
                    let mut db = self.fatal("found removed `do catch` syntax");
                    db.help("Following RFC #2388, the new non-placeholder syntax is `try`");
                    return Err(db);
                }
                if self.is_try_block() {
                    let lo = self.span;
                    assert!(self.eat_keyword(keywords::Try));
                    return self.parse_try_block(lo, attrs);
                }
                if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Return) {
                    if self.token.can_begin_expr() {
                        let e = self.parse_expr()?;
                        hi = e.span;
                        ex = ExprKind::Ret(Some(e));
                    } else {
                        ex = ExprKind::Ret(None);
                    }
                } else if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Break) {
                    let label = self.eat_label();
                    let e = if self.token.can_begin_expr()
                               && !(self.token == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)
                                    && self.restrictions.contains(
                                           Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL)) {
                        Some(self.parse_expr()?)
                    } else {
                        None
                    };
                    ex = ExprKind::Break(label, e);
                    hi = self.prev_span;
                } else if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Yield) {
                    if self.token.can_begin_expr() {
                        let e = self.parse_expr()?;
                        hi = e.span;
                        ex = ExprKind::Yield(Some(e));
                    } else {
                        ex = ExprKind::Yield(None);
                    }
                } else if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Let) {
                    // Catch this syntax error here, instead of in `parse_ident`, so
                    // that we can explicitly mention that let is not to be used as an expression
                    let mut db = self.fatal("expected expression, found statement (`let`)");
                    db.span_label(self.span, "expected expression");
                    db.note("variable declaration using `let` is a statement");
                    return Err(db);
                } else if self.token.is_path_start() {
                    let pth = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Expr)?;

                    // `!`, as an operator, is prefix, so we know this isn't that
                    if self.eat(&token::Not) {
                        // MACRO INVOCATION expression
                        let (delim, tts) = self.expect_delimited_token_tree()?;
                        let hi = self.prev_span;
                        let node = Mac_ { path: pth, tts, delim };
                        return Ok(self.mk_mac_expr(lo.to(hi), node, attrs))
                    }
                    if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
                        // This is a struct literal, unless we're prohibited
                        // from parsing struct literals here.
                        let prohibited = self.restrictions.contains(
                            Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL
                        );
                        if !prohibited {
                            return self.parse_struct_expr(lo, pth, attrs);
                        }
                    }

                    hi = pth.span;
                    ex = ExprKind::Path(None, pth);
                } else {
                    if !self.unclosed_delims.is_empty() && self.check(&token::Semi) {
                        // Don't complain about bare semicolons after unclosed braces
                        // recovery in order to keep the error count down. Fixing the
                        // delimiters will possibly also fix the bare semicolon found in
                        // expression context. For example, silence the following error:
                        // ```
                        // error: expected expression, found `;`
                        //  --> file.rs:2:13
                        //   |
                        // 2 |     foo(bar(;
                        //   |             ^ expected expression
                        // ```
                        self.bump();
                        return Ok(self.mk_expr(self.span, ExprKind::Err, ThinVec::new()));
                    }
                    match self.parse_literal_maybe_minus() {
                        Ok(expr) => {
                            hi = expr.span;
                            ex = expr.node.clone();
                        }
                        Err(mut err) => {
                            self.cancel(&mut err);
                            let msg = format!("expected expression, found {}",
                                              self.this_token_descr());
                            let mut err = self.fatal(&msg);
                            err.span_label(self.span, "expected expression");
                            return Err(err);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let expr = Expr { node: ex, span: lo.to(hi), id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID, attrs };
        let expr = self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(expr, true)?;

        return Ok(P(expr));
    }

    fn parse_struct_expr(&mut self, lo: Span, pth: ast::Path, mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>)
                         -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let struct_sp = lo.to(self.prev_span);
        self.bump();
        let mut fields = Vec::new();
        let mut base = None;

        attrs.extend(self.parse_inner_attributes()?);

        while self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
            if self.eat(&token::DotDot) {
                let exp_span = self.prev_span;
                match self.parse_expr() {
                    Ok(e) => {
                        base = Some(e);
                    }
                    Err(mut e) => {
                        e.emit();
                        self.recover_stmt();
                    }
                }
                if self.token == token::Comma {
                    let mut err = self.sess.span_diagnostic.mut_span_err(
                        exp_span.to(self.prev_span),
                        "cannot use a comma after the base struct",
                    );
                    err.span_suggestion_short(
                        self.span,
                        "remove this comma",
                        String::new(),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable
                    );
                    err.note("the base struct must always be the last field");
                    err.emit();
                    self.recover_stmt();
                }
                break;
            }

            let mut recovery_field = None;
            if let token::Ident(ident, _) = self.token {
                if !self.token.is_reserved_ident() && self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::Colon) {
                    // Use in case of error after field-looking code: `S { foo: () with a }`
                    let mut ident = ident.clone();
                    ident.span = self.span;
                    recovery_field = Some(ast::Field {
                        ident,
                        span: self.span,
                        expr: self.mk_expr(self.span, ExprKind::Err, ThinVec::new()),
                        is_shorthand: false,
                        attrs: ThinVec::new(),
                    });
                }
            }
            let mut parsed_field = None;
            match self.parse_field() {
                Ok(f) => parsed_field = Some(f),
                Err(mut e) => {
                    e.span_label(struct_sp, "while parsing this struct");
                    e.emit();

                    // If the next token is a comma, then try to parse
                    // what comes next as additional fields, rather than
                    // bailing out until next `}`.
                    if self.token != token::Comma {
                        self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Comma, BlockMode::Ignore);
                        if self.token != token::Comma {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            match self.expect_one_of(&[token::Comma],
                                     &[token::CloseDelim(token::Brace)]) {
                Ok(_) => if let Some(f) = parsed_field.or(recovery_field) {
                    // only include the field if there's no parse error for the field name
                    fields.push(f);
                }
                Err(mut e) => {
                    if let Some(f) = recovery_field {
                        fields.push(f);
                    }
                    e.span_label(struct_sp, "while parsing this struct");
                    e.emit();
                    self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Comma, BlockMode::Ignore);
                    self.eat(&token::Comma);
                }
            }
        }

        let span = lo.to(self.span);
        self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Brace))?;
        return Ok(self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Struct(pth, fields, base), attrs));
    }

    fn parse_or_use_outer_attributes(&mut self,
                                     already_parsed_attrs: Option<ThinVec<Attribute>>)
                                     -> PResult<'a, ThinVec<Attribute>> {
        if let Some(attrs) = already_parsed_attrs {
            Ok(attrs)
        } else {
            self.parse_outer_attributes().map(|a| a.into())
        }
    }

    /// Parses a block or unsafe block.
    fn parse_block_expr(&mut self, opt_label: Option<Label>,
                            lo: Span, blk_mode: BlockCheckMode,
                            outer_attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>)
                            -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))?;

        let mut attrs = outer_attrs;
        attrs.extend(self.parse_inner_attributes()?);

        let blk = self.parse_block_tail(lo, blk_mode)?;
        return Ok(self.mk_expr(blk.span, ExprKind::Block(blk, opt_label), attrs));
    }

    /// Parses `a.b` or `a(13)` or `a[4]` or just `a`.
    fn parse_dot_or_call_expr(&mut self,
                                  already_parsed_attrs: Option<ThinVec<Attribute>>)
                                  -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let attrs = self.parse_or_use_outer_attributes(already_parsed_attrs)?;

        let b = self.parse_bottom_expr();
        let (span, b) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(b)?;
        self.parse_dot_or_call_expr_with(b, span, attrs)
    }

    fn parse_dot_or_call_expr_with(&mut self,
                                       e0: P<Expr>,
                                       lo: Span,
                                       mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>)
                                       -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        // Stitch the list of outer attributes onto the return value.
        // A little bit ugly, but the best way given the current code
        // structure
        self.parse_dot_or_call_expr_with_(e0, lo)
        .map(|expr|
            expr.map(|mut expr| {
                attrs.extend::<Vec<_>>(expr.attrs.into());
                expr.attrs = attrs;
                match expr.node {
                    ExprKind::If(..) | ExprKind::IfLet(..) => {
                        if !expr.attrs.is_empty() {
                            // Just point to the first attribute in there...
                            let span = expr.attrs[0].span;

                            self.span_err(span,
                                "attributes are not yet allowed on `if` \
                                expressions");
                        }
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
                expr
            })
        )
    }

    // Assuming we have just parsed `.`, continue parsing into an expression.
    fn parse_dot_suffix(&mut self, self_arg: P<Expr>, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let segment = self.parse_path_segment(PathStyle::Expr, true)?;
        self.check_trailing_angle_brackets(&segment, token::OpenDelim(token::Paren));

        Ok(match self.token {
            token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) => {
                // Method call `expr.f()`
                let mut args = self.parse_unspanned_seq(
                    &token::OpenDelim(token::Paren),
                    &token::CloseDelim(token::Paren),
                    SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
                    |p| Ok(p.parse_expr()?)
                )?;
                args.insert(0, self_arg);

                let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
                self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::MethodCall(segment, args), ThinVec::new())
            }
            _ => {
                // Field access `expr.f`
                if let Some(args) = segment.args {
                    self.span_err(args.span(),
                                  "field expressions may not have generic arguments");
                }

                let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
                self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Field(self_arg, segment.ident), ThinVec::new())
            }
        })
    }

    /// This function checks if there are trailing angle brackets and produces
    /// a diagnostic to suggest removing them.
    ///
    /// ```ignore (diagnostic)
    /// let _ = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().collect::<Vec<usize>>>>();
    ///                                                        ^^ help: remove extra angle brackets
    /// ```
    fn check_trailing_angle_brackets(&mut self, segment: &PathSegment, end: token::Token) {
        // This function is intended to be invoked after parsing a path segment where there are two
        // cases:
        //
        // 1. A specific token is expected after the path segment.
        //    eg. `x.foo(`, `x.foo::<u32>(` (parenthesis - method call),
        //        `Foo::`, or `Foo::<Bar>::` (mod sep - continued path).
        // 2. No specific token is expected after the path segment.
        //    eg. `x.foo` (field access)
        //
        // This function is called after parsing `.foo` and before parsing the token `end` (if
        // present). This includes any angle bracket arguments, such as `.foo::<u32>` or
        // `Foo::<Bar>`.

        // We only care about trailing angle brackets if we previously parsed angle bracket
        // arguments. This helps stop us incorrectly suggesting that extra angle brackets be
        // removed in this case:
        //
        // `x.foo >> (3)` (where `x.foo` is a `u32` for example)
        //
        // This case is particularly tricky as we won't notice it just looking at the tokens -
        // it will appear the same (in terms of upcoming tokens) as below (since the `::<u32>` will
        // have already been parsed):
        //
        // `x.foo::<u32>>>(3)`
        let parsed_angle_bracket_args = segment.args
            .as_ref()
            .map(|args| args.is_angle_bracketed())
            .unwrap_or(false);

        debug!(
            "check_trailing_angle_brackets: parsed_angle_bracket_args={:?}",
            parsed_angle_bracket_args,
        );
        if !parsed_angle_bracket_args {
            return;
        }

        // Keep the span at the start so we can highlight the sequence of `>` characters to be
        // removed.
        let lo = self.span;

        // We need to look-ahead to see if we have `>` characters without moving the cursor forward
        // (since we might have the field access case and the characters we're eating are
        // actual operators and not trailing characters - ie `x.foo >> 3`).
        let mut position = 0;

        // We can encounter `>` or `>>` tokens in any order, so we need to keep track of how
        // many of each (so we can correctly pluralize our error messages) and continue to
        // advance.
        let mut number_of_shr = 0;
        let mut number_of_gt = 0;
        while self.look_ahead(position, |t| {
            trace!("check_trailing_angle_brackets: t={:?}", t);
            if *t == token::BinOp(token::BinOpToken::Shr) {
                number_of_shr += 1;
                true
            } else if *t == token::Gt {
                number_of_gt += 1;
                true
            } else {
                false
            }
        }) {
            position += 1;
        }

        // If we didn't find any trailing `>` characters, then we have nothing to error about.
        debug!(
            "check_trailing_angle_brackets: number_of_gt={:?} number_of_shr={:?}",
            number_of_gt, number_of_shr,
        );
        if number_of_gt < 1 && number_of_shr < 1 {
            return;
        }

        // Finally, double check that we have our end token as otherwise this is the
        // second case.
        if self.look_ahead(position, |t| {
            trace!("check_trailing_angle_brackets: t={:?}", t);
            *t == end
        }) {
            // Eat from where we started until the end token so that parsing can continue
            // as if we didn't have those extra angle brackets.
            self.eat_to_tokens(&[&end]);
            let span = lo.until(self.span);

            let plural = number_of_gt > 1 || number_of_shr >= 1;
            self.diagnostic()
                .struct_span_err(
                    span,
                    &format!("unmatched angle bracket{}", if plural { "s" } else { "" }),
                )
                .span_suggestion(
                    span,
                    &format!("remove extra angle bracket{}", if plural { "s" } else { "" }),
                    String::new(),
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                )
                .emit();
        }
    }

    fn parse_dot_or_call_expr_with_(&mut self, e0: P<Expr>, lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let mut e = e0;
        let mut hi;
        loop {
            // expr?
            while self.eat(&token::Question) {
                let hi = self.prev_span;
                e = self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::Try(e), ThinVec::new());
            }

            // expr.f
            if self.eat(&token::Dot) {
                match self.token {
                  token::Ident(..) => {
                    e = self.parse_dot_suffix(e, lo)?;
                  }
                  token::Literal(token::Integer(name), _) => {
                    let span = self.span;
                    self.bump();
                    let field = ExprKind::Field(e, Ident::new(name, span));
                    e = self.mk_expr(lo.to(span), field, ThinVec::new());
                  }
                  token::Literal(token::Float(n), _suf) => {
                    self.bump();
                    let fstr = n.as_str();
                    let mut err = self.diagnostic()
                        .struct_span_err(self.prev_span, &format!("unexpected token: `{}`", n));
                    err.span_label(self.prev_span, "unexpected token");
                    if fstr.chars().all(|x| "0123456789.".contains(x)) {
                        let float = match fstr.parse::<f64>().ok() {
                            Some(f) => f,
                            None => continue,
                        };
                        let sugg = pprust::to_string(|s| {
                            use crate::print::pprust::PrintState;
                            s.popen()?;
                            s.print_expr(&e)?;
                            s.s.word( ".")?;
                            s.print_usize(float.trunc() as usize)?;
                            s.pclose()?;
                            s.s.word(".")?;
                            s.s.word(fstr.splitn(2, ".").last().unwrap().to_string())
                        });
                        err.span_suggestion(
                            lo.to(self.prev_span),
                            "try parenthesizing the first index",
                            sugg,
                            Applicability::MachineApplicable
                        );
                    }
                    return Err(err);

                  }
                  _ => {
                    // FIXME Could factor this out into non_fatal_unexpected or something.
                    let actual = self.this_token_to_string();
                    self.span_err(self.span, &format!("unexpected token: `{}`", actual));
                  }
                }
                continue;
            }
            if self.expr_is_complete(&e) { break; }
            match self.token {
              // expr(...)
              token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) => {
                let es = self.parse_unspanned_seq(
                    &token::OpenDelim(token::Paren),
                    &token::CloseDelim(token::Paren),
                    SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
                    |p| Ok(p.parse_expr()?)
                )?;
                hi = self.prev_span;

                let nd = self.mk_call(e, es);
                e = self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), nd, ThinVec::new());
              }

              // expr[...]
              // Could be either an index expression or a slicing expression.
              token::OpenDelim(token::Bracket) => {
                self.bump();
                let ix = self.parse_expr()?;
                hi = self.span;
                self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket))?;
                let index = self.mk_index(e, ix);
                e = self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), index, ThinVec::new())
              }
              _ => return Ok(e)
            }
        }
        return Ok(e);
    }

    crate fn process_potential_macro_variable(&mut self) {
        let (token, span) = match self.token {
            token::Dollar if self.span.ctxt() != syntax_pos::hygiene::SyntaxContext::empty() &&
                             self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_ident()) => {
                self.bump();
                let name = match self.token {
                    token::Ident(ident, _) => ident,
                    _ => unreachable!()
                };
                let mut err = self.fatal(&format!("unknown macro variable `{}`", name));
                err.span_label(self.span, "unknown macro variable");
                err.emit();
                self.bump();
                return
            }
            token::Interpolated(ref nt) => {
                self.meta_var_span = Some(self.span);
                // Interpolated identifier and lifetime tokens are replaced with usual identifier
                // and lifetime tokens, so the former are never encountered during normal parsing.
                match **nt {
                    token::NtIdent(ident, is_raw) => (token::Ident(ident, is_raw), ident.span),
                    token::NtLifetime(ident) => (token::Lifetime(ident), ident.span),
                    _ => return,
                }
            }
            _ => return,
        };
        self.token = token;
        self.span = span;
    }

    /// Parses a single token tree from the input.
    crate fn parse_token_tree(&mut self) -> TokenTree {
        match self.token {
            token::OpenDelim(..) => {
                let frame = mem::replace(&mut self.token_cursor.frame,
                                         self.token_cursor.stack.pop().unwrap());
                self.span = frame.span.entire();
                self.bump();
                TokenTree::Delimited(
                    frame.span,
                    frame.delim,
                    frame.tree_cursor.stream.into(),
                )
            },
            token::CloseDelim(_) | token::Eof => unreachable!(),
            _ => {
                let (token, span) = (mem::replace(&mut self.token, token::Whitespace), self.span);
                self.bump();
                TokenTree::Token(span, token)
            }
        }
    }

    // parse a stream of tokens into a list of TokenTree's,
    // up to EOF.
    pub fn parse_all_token_trees(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Vec<TokenTree>> {
        let mut tts = Vec::new();
        while self.token != token::Eof {
            tts.push(self.parse_token_tree());
        }
        Ok(tts)
    }

    pub fn parse_tokens(&mut self) -> TokenStream {
        let mut result = Vec::new();
        loop {
            match self.token {
                token::Eof | token::CloseDelim(..) => break,
                _ => result.push(self.parse_token_tree().into()),
            }
        }
        TokenStream::new(result)
    }

    /// Parse a prefix-unary-operator expr
    fn parse_prefix_expr(&mut self,
                             already_parsed_attrs: Option<ThinVec<Attribute>>)
                             -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let attrs = self.parse_or_use_outer_attributes(already_parsed_attrs)?;
        let lo = self.span;
        // Note: when adding new unary operators, don't forget to adjust Token::can_begin_expr()
        let (hi, ex) = match self.token {
            token::Not => {
                self.bump();
                let e = self.parse_prefix_expr(None);
                let (span, e) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(e)?;
                (lo.to(span), self.mk_unary(UnOp::Not, e))
            }
            // Suggest `!` for bitwise negation when encountering a `~`
            token::Tilde => {
                self.bump();
                let e = self.parse_prefix_expr(None);
                let (span, e) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(e)?;
                let span_of_tilde = lo;
                let mut err = self.diagnostic()
                    .struct_span_err(span_of_tilde, "`~` cannot be used as a unary operator");
                err.span_suggestion_short(
                    span_of_tilde,
                    "use `!` to perform bitwise negation",
                    "!".to_owned(),
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable
                );
                err.emit();
                (lo.to(span), self.mk_unary(UnOp::Not, e))
            }
            token::BinOp(token::Minus) => {
                self.bump();
                let e = self.parse_prefix_expr(None);
                let (span, e) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(e)?;
                (lo.to(span), self.mk_unary(UnOp::Neg, e))
            }
            token::BinOp(token::Star) => {
                self.bump();
                let e = self.parse_prefix_expr(None);
                let (span, e) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(e)?;
                (lo.to(span), self.mk_unary(UnOp::Deref, e))
            }
            token::BinOp(token::And) | token::AndAnd => {
                self.expect_and()?;
                let m = self.parse_mutability();
                let e = self.parse_prefix_expr(None);
                let (span, e) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(e)?;
                (lo.to(span), ExprKind::AddrOf(m, e))
            }
            token::Ident(..) if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::In) => {
                self.bump();
                let place = self.parse_expr_res(
                    Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL,
                    None,
                )?;
                let blk = self.parse_block()?;
                let span = blk.span;
                let blk_expr = self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Block(blk, None), ThinVec::new());
                (lo.to(span), ExprKind::ObsoleteInPlace(place, blk_expr))
            }
            token::Ident(..) if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Box) => {
                self.bump();
                let e = self.parse_prefix_expr(None);
                let (span, e) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(e)?;
                (lo.to(span), ExprKind::Box(e))
            }
            token::Ident(..) if self.token.is_ident_named("not") => {
                // `not` is just an ordinary identifier in Rust-the-language,
                // but as `rustc`-the-compiler, we can issue clever diagnostics
                // for confused users who really want to say `!`
                let token_cannot_continue_expr = |t: &token::Token| match *t {
                    // These tokens can start an expression after `!`, but
                    // can't continue an expression after an ident
                    token::Ident(ident, is_raw) => token::ident_can_begin_expr(ident, is_raw),
                    token::Literal(..) | token::Pound => true,
                    token::Interpolated(ref nt) => match **nt {
                        token::NtIdent(..) | token::NtExpr(..) |
                        token::NtBlock(..) | token::NtPath(..) => true,
                        _ => false,
                    },
                    _ => false
                };
                let cannot_continue_expr = self.look_ahead(1, token_cannot_continue_expr);
                if cannot_continue_expr {
                    self.bump();
                    // Emit the error ...
                    let mut err = self.diagnostic()
                        .struct_span_err(self.span,
                                         &format!("unexpected {} after identifier",
                                                  self.this_token_descr()));
                    // span the `not` plus trailing whitespace to avoid
                    // trailing whitespace after the `!` in our suggestion
                    let to_replace = self.sess.source_map()
                        .span_until_non_whitespace(lo.to(self.span));
                    err.span_suggestion_short(
                        to_replace,
                        "use `!` to perform logical negation",
                        "!".to_owned(),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable
                    );
                    err.emit();
                    // —and recover! (just as if we were in the block
                    // for the `token::Not` arm)
                    let e = self.parse_prefix_expr(None);
                    let (span, e) = self.interpolated_or_expr_span(e)?;
                    (lo.to(span), self.mk_unary(UnOp::Not, e))
                } else {
                    return self.parse_dot_or_call_expr(Some(attrs));
                }
            }
            _ => { return self.parse_dot_or_call_expr(Some(attrs)); }
        };
        return Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ex, attrs));
    }

    /// Parses an associative expression.
    ///
    /// This parses an expression accounting for associativity and precedence of the operators in
    /// the expression.
    #[inline]
    fn parse_assoc_expr(&mut self,
                            already_parsed_attrs: Option<ThinVec<Attribute>>)
                            -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.parse_assoc_expr_with(0, already_parsed_attrs.into())
    }

    /// Parses an associative expression with operators of at least `min_prec` precedence.
    fn parse_assoc_expr_with(&mut self,
                                 min_prec: usize,
                                 lhs: LhsExpr)
                                 -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let mut lhs = if let LhsExpr::AlreadyParsed(expr) = lhs {
            expr
        } else {
            let attrs = match lhs {
                LhsExpr::AttributesParsed(attrs) => Some(attrs),
                _ => None,
            };
            if [token::DotDot, token::DotDotDot, token::DotDotEq].contains(&self.token) {
                return self.parse_prefix_range_expr(attrs);
            } else {
                self.parse_prefix_expr(attrs)?
            }
        };

        if self.expr_is_complete(&lhs) {
            // Semi-statement forms are odd. See https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/29071
            return Ok(lhs);
        }
        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Operator);
        while let Some(op) = AssocOp::from_token(&self.token) {

            // Adjust the span for interpolated LHS to point to the `$lhs` token and not to what
            // it refers to. Interpolated identifiers are unwrapped early and never show up here
            // as `PrevTokenKind::Interpolated` so if LHS is a single identifier we always process
            // it as "interpolated", it doesn't change the answer for non-interpolated idents.
            let lhs_span = match (self.prev_token_kind, &lhs.node) {
                (PrevTokenKind::Interpolated, _) => self.prev_span,
                (PrevTokenKind::Ident, &ExprKind::Path(None, ref path))
                    if path.segments.len() == 1 => self.prev_span,
                _ => lhs.span,
            };

            let cur_op_span = self.span;
            let restrictions = if op.is_assign_like() {
                self.restrictions & Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL
            } else {
                self.restrictions
            };
            if op.precedence() < min_prec {
                break;
            }
            // Check for deprecated `...` syntax
            if self.token == token::DotDotDot && op == AssocOp::DotDotEq {
                self.err_dotdotdot_syntax(self.span);
            }

            self.bump();
            if op.is_comparison() {
                self.check_no_chained_comparison(&lhs, &op);
            }
            // Special cases:
            if op == AssocOp::As {
                lhs = self.parse_assoc_op_cast(lhs, lhs_span, ExprKind::Cast)?;
                continue
            } else if op == AssocOp::Colon {
                lhs = match self.parse_assoc_op_cast(lhs, lhs_span, ExprKind::Type) {
                    Ok(lhs) => lhs,
                    Err(mut err) => {
                        err.span_label(self.span,
                                       "expecting a type here because of type ascription");
                        let cm = self.sess.source_map();
                        let cur_pos = cm.lookup_char_pos(self.span.lo());
                        let op_pos = cm.lookup_char_pos(cur_op_span.hi());
                        if cur_pos.line != op_pos.line {
                            err.span_suggestion(
                                cur_op_span,
                                "try using a semicolon",
                                ";".to_string(),
                                Applicability::MaybeIncorrect // speculative
                            );
                        }
                        return Err(err);
                    }
                };
                continue
            } else if op == AssocOp::DotDot || op == AssocOp::DotDotEq {
                // If we didn’t have to handle `x..`/`x..=`, it would be pretty easy to
                // generalise it to the Fixity::None code.
                //
                // We have 2 alternatives here: `x..y`/`x..=y` and `x..`/`x..=` The other
                // two variants are handled with `parse_prefix_range_expr` call above.
                let rhs = if self.is_at_start_of_range_notation_rhs() {
                    Some(self.parse_assoc_expr_with(op.precedence() + 1,
                                                    LhsExpr::NotYetParsed)?)
                } else {
                    None
                };
                let (lhs_span, rhs_span) = (lhs.span, if let Some(ref x) = rhs {
                    x.span
                } else {
                    cur_op_span
                });
                let limits = if op == AssocOp::DotDot {
                    RangeLimits::HalfOpen
                } else {
                    RangeLimits::Closed
                };

                let r = self.mk_range(Some(lhs), rhs, limits)?;
                lhs = self.mk_expr(lhs_span.to(rhs_span), r, ThinVec::new());
                break
            }

            let rhs = match op.fixity() {
                Fixity::Right => self.with_res(
                    restrictions - Restrictions::STMT_EXPR,
                    |this| {
                        this.parse_assoc_expr_with(op.precedence(),
                            LhsExpr::NotYetParsed)
                }),
                Fixity::Left => self.with_res(
                    restrictions - Restrictions::STMT_EXPR,
                    |this| {
                        this.parse_assoc_expr_with(op.precedence() + 1,
                            LhsExpr::NotYetParsed)
                }),
                // We currently have no non-associative operators that are not handled above by
                // the special cases. The code is here only for future convenience.
                Fixity::None => self.with_res(
                    restrictions - Restrictions::STMT_EXPR,
                    |this| {
                        this.parse_assoc_expr_with(op.precedence() + 1,
                            LhsExpr::NotYetParsed)
                }),
            }?;

            // Make sure that the span of the parent node is larger than the span of lhs and rhs,
            // including the attributes.
            let lhs_span = lhs
                .attrs
                .iter()
                .filter(|a| a.style == AttrStyle::Outer)
                .next()
                .map_or(lhs_span, |a| a.span);
            let span = lhs_span.to(rhs.span);
            lhs = match op {
                AssocOp::Add | AssocOp::Subtract | AssocOp::Multiply | AssocOp::Divide |
                AssocOp::Modulus | AssocOp::LAnd | AssocOp::LOr | AssocOp::BitXor |
                AssocOp::BitAnd | AssocOp::BitOr | AssocOp::ShiftLeft | AssocOp::ShiftRight |
                AssocOp::Equal | AssocOp::Less | AssocOp::LessEqual | AssocOp::NotEqual |
                AssocOp::Greater | AssocOp::GreaterEqual => {
                    let ast_op = op.to_ast_binop().unwrap();
                    let binary = self.mk_binary(source_map::respan(cur_op_span, ast_op), lhs, rhs);
                    self.mk_expr(span, binary, ThinVec::new())
                }
                AssocOp::Assign =>
                    self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Assign(lhs, rhs), ThinVec::new()),
                AssocOp::ObsoleteInPlace =>
                    self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::ObsoleteInPlace(lhs, rhs), ThinVec::new()),
                AssocOp::AssignOp(k) => {
                    let aop = match k {
                        token::Plus =>    BinOpKind::Add,
                        token::Minus =>   BinOpKind::Sub,
                        token::Star =>    BinOpKind::Mul,
                        token::Slash =>   BinOpKind::Div,
                        token::Percent => BinOpKind::Rem,
                        token::Caret =>   BinOpKind::BitXor,
                        token::And =>     BinOpKind::BitAnd,
                        token::Or =>      BinOpKind::BitOr,
                        token::Shl =>     BinOpKind::Shl,
                        token::Shr =>     BinOpKind::Shr,
                    };
                    let aopexpr = self.mk_assign_op(source_map::respan(cur_op_span, aop), lhs, rhs);
                    self.mk_expr(span, aopexpr, ThinVec::new())
                }
                AssocOp::As | AssocOp::Colon | AssocOp::DotDot | AssocOp::DotDotEq => {
                    self.bug("AssocOp should have been handled by special case")
                }
            };

            if op.fixity() == Fixity::None { break }
        }
        Ok(lhs)
    }

    fn parse_assoc_op_cast(&mut self, lhs: P<Expr>, lhs_span: Span,
                           expr_kind: fn(P<Expr>, P<Ty>) -> ExprKind)
                           -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let mk_expr = |this: &mut Self, rhs: P<Ty>| {
            this.mk_expr(lhs_span.to(rhs.span), expr_kind(lhs, rhs), ThinVec::new())
        };

        // Save the state of the parser before parsing type normally, in case there is a
        // LessThan comparison after this cast.
        let parser_snapshot_before_type = self.clone();
        match self.parse_ty_no_plus() {
            Ok(rhs) => {
                Ok(mk_expr(self, rhs))
            }
            Err(mut type_err) => {
                // Rewind to before attempting to parse the type with generics, to recover
                // from situations like `x as usize < y` in which we first tried to parse
                // `usize < y` as a type with generic arguments.
                let parser_snapshot_after_type = self.clone();
                mem::replace(self, parser_snapshot_before_type);

                match self.parse_path(PathStyle::Expr) {
                    Ok(path) => {
                        let (op_noun, op_verb) = match self.token {
                            token::Lt => ("comparison", "comparing"),
                            token::BinOp(token::Shl) => ("shift", "shifting"),
                            _ => {
                                // We can end up here even without `<` being the next token, for
                                // example because `parse_ty_no_plus` returns `Err` on keywords,
                                // but `parse_path` returns `Ok` on them due to error recovery.
                                // Return original error and parser state.
                                mem::replace(self, parser_snapshot_after_type);
                                return Err(type_err);
                            }
                        };

                        // Successfully parsed the type path leaving a `<` yet to parse.
                        type_err.cancel();

                        // Report non-fatal diagnostics, keep `x as usize` as an expression
                        // in AST and continue parsing.
                        let msg = format!("`<` is interpreted as a start of generic \
                                           arguments for `{}`, not a {}", path, op_noun);
                        let mut err = self.sess.span_diagnostic.struct_span_err(self.span, &msg);
                        err.span_label(self.look_ahead_span(1).to(parser_snapshot_after_type.span),
                                       "interpreted as generic arguments");
                        err.span_label(self.span, format!("not interpreted as {}", op_noun));

                        let expr = mk_expr(self, P(Ty {
                            span: path.span,
                            node: TyKind::Path(None, path),
                            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID
                        }));

                        let expr_str = self.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(expr.span)
                                                .unwrap_or_else(|_| pprust::expr_to_string(&expr));
                        err.span_suggestion(
                            expr.span,
                            &format!("try {} the cast value", op_verb),
                            format!("({})", expr_str),
                            Applicability::MachineApplicable
                        );
                        err.emit();

                        Ok(expr)
                    }
                    Err(mut path_err) => {
                        // Couldn't parse as a path, return original error and parser state.
                        path_err.cancel();
                        mem::replace(self, parser_snapshot_after_type);
                        Err(type_err)
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Produce an error if comparison operators are chained (RFC #558).
    /// We only need to check lhs, not rhs, because all comparison ops
    /// have same precedence and are left-associative
    fn check_no_chained_comparison(&mut self, lhs: &Expr, outer_op: &AssocOp) {
        debug_assert!(outer_op.is_comparison(),
                      "check_no_chained_comparison: {:?} is not comparison",
                      outer_op);
        match lhs.node {
            ExprKind::Binary(op, _, _) if op.node.is_comparison() => {
                // respan to include both operators
                let op_span = op.span.to(self.span);
                let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(op_span,
                    "chained comparison operators require parentheses");
                if op.node == BinOpKind::Lt &&
                    *outer_op == AssocOp::Less ||  // Include `<` to provide this recommendation
                    *outer_op == AssocOp::Greater  // even in a case like the following:
                {                                  //     Foo<Bar<Baz<Qux, ()>>>
                    err.help(
                        "use `::<...>` instead of `<...>` if you meant to specify type arguments");
                    err.help("or use `(...)` if you meant to specify fn arguments");
                }
                err.emit();
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    /// Parse prefix-forms of range notation: `..expr`, `..`, `..=expr`
    fn parse_prefix_range_expr(&mut self,
                               already_parsed_attrs: Option<ThinVec<Attribute>>)
                               -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        // Check for deprecated `...` syntax
        if self.token == token::DotDotDot {
            self.err_dotdotdot_syntax(self.span);
        }

        debug_assert!([token::DotDot, token::DotDotDot, token::DotDotEq].contains(&self.token),
                      "parse_prefix_range_expr: token {:?} is not DotDot/DotDotEq",
                      self.token);
        let tok = self.token.clone();
        let attrs = self.parse_or_use_outer_attributes(already_parsed_attrs)?;
        let lo = self.span;
        let mut hi = self.span;
        self.bump();
        let opt_end = if self.is_at_start_of_range_notation_rhs() {
            // RHS must be parsed with more associativity than the dots.
            let next_prec = AssocOp::from_token(&tok).unwrap().precedence() + 1;
            Some(self.parse_assoc_expr_with(next_prec,
                                            LhsExpr::NotYetParsed)
                .map(|x|{
                    hi = x.span;
                    x
                })?)
         } else {
            None
        };
        let limits = if tok == token::DotDot {
            RangeLimits::HalfOpen
        } else {
            RangeLimits::Closed
        };

        let r = self.mk_range(None, opt_end, limits)?;
        Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), r, attrs))
    }

    fn is_at_start_of_range_notation_rhs(&self) -> bool {
        if self.token.can_begin_expr() {
            // parse `for i in 1.. { }` as infinite loop, not as `for i in (1..{})`.
            if self.token == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) {
                return !self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL);
            }
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// Parses an `if` or `if let` expression (`if` token already eaten).
    fn parse_if_expr(&mut self, attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Let) {
            return self.parse_if_let_expr(attrs);
        }
        let lo = self.prev_span;
        let cond = self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL, None)?;

        // Verify that the parsed `if` condition makes sense as a condition. If it is a block, then
        // verify that the last statement is either an implicit return (no `;`) or an explicit
        // return. This won't catch blocks with an explicit `return`, but that would be caught by
        // the dead code lint.
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Else) || !cond.returns() {
            let sp = self.sess.source_map().next_point(lo);
            let mut err = self.diagnostic()
                .struct_span_err(sp, "missing condition for `if` statemement");
            err.span_label(sp, "expected if condition here");
            return Err(err)
        }
        let not_block = self.token != token::OpenDelim(token::Brace);
        let thn = self.parse_block().map_err(|mut err| {
            if not_block {
                err.span_label(lo, "this `if` statement has a condition, but no block");
            }
            err
        })?;
        let mut els: Option<P<Expr>> = None;
        let mut hi = thn.span;
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Else) {
            let elexpr = self.parse_else_expr()?;
            hi = elexpr.span;
            els = Some(elexpr);
        }
        Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::If(cond, thn, els), attrs))
    }

    /// Parses an `if let` expression (`if` token already eaten).
    fn parse_if_let_expr(&mut self, attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>)
                             -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let lo = self.prev_span;
        self.expect_keyword(keywords::Let)?;
        let pats = self.parse_pats()?;
        self.expect(&token::Eq)?;
        let expr = self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL, None)?;
        let thn = self.parse_block()?;
        let (hi, els) = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Else) {
            let expr = self.parse_else_expr()?;
            (expr.span, Some(expr))
        } else {
            (thn.span, None)
        };
        Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::IfLet(pats, expr, thn, els), attrs))
    }

    /// Parses `move |args| expr`.
    fn parse_lambda_expr(&mut self,
                             attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>)
                             -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>>
    {
        let lo = self.span;
        let movability = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Static) {
            Movability::Static
        } else {
            Movability::Movable
        };
        let asyncness = if self.span.rust_2018() {
            self.parse_asyncness()
        } else {
            IsAsync::NotAsync
        };
        let capture_clause = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Move) {
            CaptureBy::Value
        } else {
            CaptureBy::Ref
        };
        let decl = self.parse_fn_block_decl()?;
        let decl_hi = self.prev_span;
        let body = match decl.output {
            FunctionRetTy::Default(_) => {
                let restrictions = self.restrictions - Restrictions::STMT_EXPR;
                self.parse_expr_res(restrictions, None)?
            },
            _ => {
                // If an explicit return type is given, require a
                // block to appear (RFC 968).
                let body_lo = self.span;
                self.parse_block_expr(None, body_lo, BlockCheckMode::Default, ThinVec::new())?
            }
        };

        Ok(self.mk_expr(
            lo.to(body.span),
            ExprKind::Closure(capture_clause, asyncness, movability, decl, body, lo.to(decl_hi)),
            attrs))
    }

    // `else` token already eaten
    fn parse_else_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::If) {
            return self.parse_if_expr(ThinVec::new());
        } else {
            let blk = self.parse_block()?;
            return Ok(self.mk_expr(blk.span, ExprKind::Block(blk, None), ThinVec::new()));
        }
    }

    /// Parse a 'for' .. 'in' expression ('for' token already eaten)
    fn parse_for_expr(&mut self, opt_label: Option<Label>,
                          span_lo: Span,
                          mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        // Parse: `for <src_pat> in <src_expr> <src_loop_block>`

        let pat = self.parse_top_level_pat()?;
        if !self.eat_keyword(keywords::In) {
            let in_span = self.prev_span.between(self.span);
            let mut err = self.sess.span_diagnostic
                .struct_span_err(in_span, "missing `in` in `for` loop");
            err.span_suggestion_short(
                in_span, "try adding `in` here", " in ".into(),
                // has been misleading, at least in the past (closed Issue #48492)
                Applicability::MaybeIncorrect
            );
            err.emit();
        }
        let in_span = self.prev_span;
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::In) {
            // a common typo: `for _ in in bar {}`
            let mut err = self.sess.span_diagnostic.struct_span_err(
                self.prev_span,
                "expected iterable, found keyword `in`",
            );
            err.span_suggestion_short(
                in_span.until(self.prev_span),
                "remove the duplicated `in`",
                String::new(),
                Applicability::MachineApplicable,
            );
            err.note("if you meant to use emplacement syntax, it is obsolete (for now, anyway)");
            err.note("for more information on the status of emplacement syntax, see <\
                      https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/27779#issuecomment-378416911>");
            err.emit();
        }
        let expr = self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL, None)?;
        let (iattrs, loop_block) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        attrs.extend(iattrs);

        let hi = self.prev_span;
        Ok(self.mk_expr(span_lo.to(hi), ExprKind::ForLoop(pat, expr, loop_block, opt_label), attrs))
    }

    /// Parses a `while` or `while let` expression (`while` token already eaten).
    fn parse_while_expr(&mut self, opt_label: Option<Label>,
                            span_lo: Span,
                            mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Let) {
            return self.parse_while_let_expr(opt_label, span_lo, attrs);
        }
        let cond = self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL, None)?;
        let (iattrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        attrs.extend(iattrs);
        let span = span_lo.to(body.span);
        return Ok(self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::While(cond, body, opt_label), attrs));
    }

    /// Parses a `while let` expression (`while` token already eaten).
    fn parse_while_let_expr(&mut self, opt_label: Option<Label>,
                                span_lo: Span,
                                mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.expect_keyword(keywords::Let)?;
        let pats = self.parse_pats()?;
        self.expect(&token::Eq)?;
        let expr = self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL, None)?;
        let (iattrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        attrs.extend(iattrs);
        let span = span_lo.to(body.span);
        return Ok(self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::WhileLet(pats, expr, body, opt_label), attrs));
    }

    // parse `loop {...}`, `loop` token already eaten
    fn parse_loop_expr(&mut self, opt_label: Option<Label>,
                           span_lo: Span,
                           mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let (iattrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        attrs.extend(iattrs);
        let span = span_lo.to(body.span);
        Ok(self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Loop(body, opt_label), attrs))
    }

    /// Parses an `async move {...}` expression.
    pub fn parse_async_block(&mut self, mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>)
        -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>>
    {
        let span_lo = self.span;
        self.expect_keyword(keywords::Async)?;
        let capture_clause = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Move) {
            CaptureBy::Value
        } else {
            CaptureBy::Ref
        };
        let (iattrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        attrs.extend(iattrs);
        Ok(self.mk_expr(
            span_lo.to(body.span),
            ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID, body), attrs))
    }

    /// Parses a `try {...}` expression (`try` token already eaten).
    fn parse_try_block(&mut self, span_lo: Span, mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>)
        -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>>
    {
        let (iattrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        attrs.extend(iattrs);
        Ok(self.mk_expr(span_lo.to(body.span), ExprKind::TryBlock(body), attrs))
    }

    // `match` token already eaten
    fn parse_match_expr(&mut self, mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        let match_span = self.prev_span;
        let lo = self.prev_span;
        let discriminant = self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL,
                                               None)?;
        if let Err(mut e) = self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
            if self.token == token::Token::Semi {
                e.span_suggestion_short(
                    match_span,
                    "try removing this `match`",
                    String::new(),
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect // speculative
                );
            }
            return Err(e)
        }
        attrs.extend(self.parse_inner_attributes()?);

        let mut arms: Vec<Arm> = Vec::new();
        while self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
            match self.parse_arm() {
                Ok(arm) => arms.push(arm),
                Err(mut e) => {
                    // Recover by skipping to the end of the block.
                    e.emit();
                    self.recover_stmt();
                    let span = lo.to(self.span);
                    if self.token == token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
                        self.bump();
                    }
                    return Ok(self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Match(discriminant, arms), attrs));
                }
            }
        }
        let hi = self.span;
        self.bump();
        return Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::Match(discriminant, arms), attrs));
    }

    crate fn parse_arm(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Arm> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtArm, |x| x);

        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        let pats = self.parse_pats()?;
        let guard = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::If) {
            Some(Guard::If(self.parse_expr()?))
        } else {
            None
        };
        let arrow_span = self.span;
        self.expect(&token::FatArrow)?;
        let arm_start_span = self.span;

        let expr = self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::STMT_EXPR, None)
            .map_err(|mut err| {
                err.span_label(arrow_span, "while parsing the `match` arm starting here");
                err
            })?;

        let require_comma = classify::expr_requires_semi_to_be_stmt(&expr)
            && self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Brace);

        if require_comma {
            let cm = self.sess.source_map();
            self.expect_one_of(&[token::Comma], &[token::CloseDelim(token::Brace)])
                .map_err(|mut err| {
                    match (cm.span_to_lines(expr.span), cm.span_to_lines(arm_start_span)) {
                        (Ok(ref expr_lines), Ok(ref arm_start_lines))
                        if arm_start_lines.lines[0].end_col == expr_lines.lines[0].end_col
                            && expr_lines.lines.len() == 2
                            && self.token == token::FatArrow => {
                            // We check whether there's any trailing code in the parse span,
                            // if there isn't, we very likely have the following:
                            //
                            // X |     &Y => "y"
                            //   |        --    - missing comma
                            //   |        |
                            //   |        arrow_span
                            // X |     &X => "x"
                            //   |      - ^^ self.span
                            //   |      |
                            //   |      parsed until here as `"y" & X`
                            err.span_suggestion_short(
                                cm.next_point(arm_start_span),
                                "missing a comma here to end this `match` arm",
                                ",".to_owned(),
                                Applicability::MachineApplicable
                            );
                        }
                        _ => {
                            err.span_label(arrow_span,
                                           "while parsing the `match` arm starting here");
                        }
                    }
                    err
                })?;
        } else {
            self.eat(&token::Comma);
        }

        Ok(ast::Arm {
            attrs,
            pats,
            guard,
            body: expr,
        })
    }

    /// Parses an expression.
    #[inline]
    pub fn parse_expr(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.parse_expr_res(Restrictions::empty(), None)
    }

    /// Evaluates the closure with restrictions in place.
    ///
    /// Afters the closure is evaluated, restrictions are reset.
    fn with_res<F, T>(&mut self, r: Restrictions, f: F) -> T
        where F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> T
    {
        let old = self.restrictions;
        self.restrictions = r;
        let r = f(self);
        self.restrictions = old;
        return r;

    }

    /// Parses an expression, subject to the given restrictions.
    #[inline]
    fn parse_expr_res(&mut self, r: Restrictions,
                          already_parsed_attrs: Option<ThinVec<Attribute>>)
                          -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        self.with_res(r, |this| this.parse_assoc_expr(already_parsed_attrs))
    }

    /// Parses the RHS of a local variable declaration (e.g., '= 14;').
    fn parse_initializer(&mut self, skip_eq: bool) -> PResult<'a, Option<P<Expr>>> {
        if self.eat(&token::Eq) {
            Ok(Some(self.parse_expr()?))
        } else if skip_eq {
            Ok(Some(self.parse_expr()?))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Parses patterns, separated by '|' s.
    fn parse_pats(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Vec<P<Pat>>> {
        // Allow a '|' before the pats (RFC 1925 + RFC 2530)
        self.eat(&token::BinOp(token::Or));

        let mut pats = Vec::new();
        loop {
            pats.push(self.parse_top_level_pat()?);

            if self.token == token::OrOr {
                let mut err = self.struct_span_err(self.span,
                                                   "unexpected token `||` after pattern");
                err.span_suggestion(
                    self.span,
                    "use a single `|` to specify multiple patterns",
                    "|".to_owned(),
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable
                );
                err.emit();
                self.bump();
            } else if self.eat(&token::BinOp(token::Or)) {
                // This is a No-op. Continue the loop to parse the next
                // pattern.
            } else {
                return Ok(pats);
            }
        };
    }

    // Parses a parenthesized list of patterns like
    // `()`, `(p)`, `(p,)`, `(p, q)`, or `(p, .., q)`. Returns:
    // - a vector of the patterns that were parsed
    // - an option indicating the index of the `..` element
    // - a boolean indicating whether a trailing comma was present.
    // Trailing commas are significant because (p) and (p,) are different patterns.
    fn parse_parenthesized_pat_list(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<P<Pat>>, Option<usize>, bool)> {
        self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren))?;
        let result = self.parse_pat_list()?;
        self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?;
        Ok(result)
    }

    fn parse_pat_list(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<P<Pat>>, Option<usize>, bool)> {
        let mut fields = Vec::new();
        let mut ddpos = None;
        let mut trailing_comma = false;
        loop {
            if self.eat(&token::DotDot) {
                if ddpos.is_none() {
                    ddpos = Some(fields.len());
                } else {
                    // Emit a friendly error, ignore `..` and continue parsing
                    self.struct_span_err(
                        self.prev_span,
                        "`..` can only be used once per tuple or tuple struct pattern",
                    )
                        .span_label(self.prev_span, "can only be used once per pattern")
                        .emit();
                }
            } else if !self.check(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren)) {
                fields.push(self.parse_pat(None)?);
            } else {
                break
            }

            trailing_comma = self.eat(&token::Comma);
            if !trailing_comma {
                break
            }
        }

        if ddpos == Some(fields.len()) && trailing_comma {
            // `..` needs to be followed by `)` or `, pat`, `..,)` is disallowed.
            let msg = "trailing comma is not permitted after `..`";
            self.struct_span_err(self.prev_span, msg)
                .span_label(self.prev_span, msg)
                .emit();
        }

        Ok((fields, ddpos, trailing_comma))
    }

    fn parse_pat_vec_elements(
        &mut self,
    ) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<P<Pat>>, Option<P<Pat>>, Vec<P<Pat>>)> {
        let mut before = Vec::new();
        let mut slice = None;
        let mut after = Vec::new();
        let mut first = true;
        let mut before_slice = true;

        while self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket) {
            if first {
                first = false;
            } else {
                self.expect(&token::Comma)?;

                if self.token == token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket)
                        && (before_slice || !after.is_empty()) {
                    break
                }
            }

            if before_slice {
                if self.eat(&token::DotDot) {

                    if self.check(&token::Comma) ||
                            self.check(&token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket)) {
                        slice = Some(P(Pat {
                            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                            node: PatKind::Wild,
                            span: self.prev_span,
                        }));
                        before_slice = false;
                    }
                    continue
                }
            }

            let subpat = self.parse_pat(None)?;
            if before_slice && self.eat(&token::DotDot) {
                slice = Some(subpat);
                before_slice = false;
            } else if before_slice {
                before.push(subpat);
            } else {
                after.push(subpat);
            }
        }

        Ok((before, slice, after))
    }

    fn parse_pat_field(
        &mut self,
        lo: Span,
        attrs: Vec<Attribute>
    ) -> PResult<'a, source_map::Spanned<ast::FieldPat>> {
        // Check if a colon exists one ahead. This means we're parsing a fieldname.
        let hi;
        let (subpat, fieldname, is_shorthand) = if self.look_ahead(1, |t| t == &token::Colon) {
            // Parsing a pattern of the form "fieldname: pat"
            let fieldname = self.parse_field_name()?;
            self.bump();
            let pat = self.parse_pat(None)?;
            hi = pat.span;
            (pat, fieldname, false)
        } else {
            // Parsing a pattern of the form "(box) (ref) (mut) fieldname"
            let is_box = self.eat_keyword(keywords::Box);
            let boxed_span = self.span;
            let is_ref = self.eat_keyword(keywords::Ref);
            let is_mut = self.eat_keyword(keywords::Mut);
            let fieldname = self.parse_ident()?;
            hi = self.prev_span;

            let bind_type = match (is_ref, is_mut) {
                (true, true) => BindingMode::ByRef(Mutability::Mutable),
                (true, false) => BindingMode::ByRef(Mutability::Immutable),
                (false, true) => BindingMode::ByValue(Mutability::Mutable),
                (false, false) => BindingMode::ByValue(Mutability::Immutable),
            };
            let fieldpat = P(Pat {
                id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                node: PatKind::Ident(bind_type, fieldname, None),
                span: boxed_span.to(hi),
            });

            let subpat = if is_box {
                P(Pat {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    node: PatKind::Box(fieldpat),
                    span: lo.to(hi),
                })
            } else {
                fieldpat
            };
            (subpat, fieldname, true)
        };

        Ok(source_map::Spanned {
            span: lo.to(hi),
            node: ast::FieldPat {
                ident: fieldname,
                pat: subpat,
                is_shorthand,
                attrs: attrs.into(),
           }
        })
    }

    /// Parses the fields of a struct-like pattern.
    fn parse_pat_fields(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<source_map::Spanned<ast::FieldPat>>, bool)> {
        let mut fields = Vec::new();
        let mut etc = false;
        let mut ate_comma = true;
        let mut delayed_err: Option<DiagnosticBuilder<'a>> = None;
        let mut etc_span = None;

        while self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
            let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
            let lo = self.span;

            // check that a comma comes after every field
            if !ate_comma {
                let err = self.struct_span_err(self.prev_span, "expected `,`");
                if let Some(mut delayed) = delayed_err {
                    delayed.emit();
                }
                return Err(err);
            }
            ate_comma = false;

            if self.check(&token::DotDot) || self.token == token::DotDotDot {
                etc = true;
                let mut etc_sp = self.span;

                if self.token == token::DotDotDot { // Issue #46718
                    // Accept `...` as if it were `..` to avoid further errors
                    let mut err = self.struct_span_err(self.span,
                                                       "expected field pattern, found `...`");
                    err.span_suggestion(
                        self.span,
                        "to omit remaining fields, use one fewer `.`",
                        "..".to_owned(),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable
                    );
                    err.emit();
                }
                self.bump();  // `..` || `...`

                if self.token == token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
                    etc_span = Some(etc_sp);
                    break;
                }
                let token_str = self.this_token_descr();
                let mut err = self.fatal(&format!("expected `}}`, found {}", token_str));

                err.span_label(self.span, "expected `}`");
                let mut comma_sp = None;
                if self.token == token::Comma { // Issue #49257
                    etc_sp = etc_sp.to(self.sess.source_map().span_until_non_whitespace(self.span));
                    err.span_label(etc_sp,
                                   "`..` must be at the end and cannot have a trailing comma");
                    comma_sp = Some(self.span);
                    self.bump();
                    ate_comma = true;
                }

                etc_span = Some(etc_sp.until(self.span));
                if self.token == token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
                    // If the struct looks otherwise well formed, recover and continue.
                    if let Some(sp) = comma_sp {
                        err.span_suggestion_short(
                            sp,
                            "remove this comma",
                            String::new(),
                            Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                        );
                    }
                    err.emit();
                    break;
                } else if self.token.is_ident() && ate_comma {
                    // Accept fields coming after `..,`.
                    // This way we avoid "pattern missing fields" errors afterwards.
                    // We delay this error until the end in order to have a span for a
                    // suggested fix.
                    if let Some(mut delayed_err) = delayed_err {
                        delayed_err.emit();
                        return Err(err);
                    } else {
                        delayed_err = Some(err);
                    }
                } else {
                    if let Some(mut err) = delayed_err {
                        err.emit();
                    }
                    return Err(err);
                }
            }

            fields.push(match self.parse_pat_field(lo, attrs) {
                Ok(field) => field,
                Err(err) => {
                    if let Some(mut delayed_err) = delayed_err {
                        delayed_err.emit();
                    }
                    return Err(err);
                }
            });
            ate_comma = self.eat(&token::Comma);
        }

        if let Some(mut err) = delayed_err {
            if let Some(etc_span) = etc_span {
                err.multipart_suggestion(
                    "move the `..` to the end of the field list",
                    vec![
                        (etc_span, String::new()),
                        (self.span, format!("{}.. }}", if ate_comma { "" } else { ", " })),
                    ],
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                );
            }
            err.emit();
        }
        return Ok((fields, etc));
    }

    fn parse_pat_range_end(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>> {
        if self.token.is_path_start() {
            let lo = self.span;
            let (qself, path) = if self.eat_lt() {
                // Parse a qualified path
                let (qself, path) = self.parse_qpath(PathStyle::Expr)?;
                (Some(qself), path)
            } else {
                // Parse an unqualified path
                (None, self.parse_path(PathStyle::Expr)?)
            };
            let hi = self.prev_span;
            Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::Path(qself, path), ThinVec::new()))
        } else {
            self.parse_literal_maybe_minus()
        }
    }

    // helper function to decide whether to parse as ident binding or to try to do
    // something more complex like range patterns
    fn parse_as_ident(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.look_ahead(1, |t| match *t {
            token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) | token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) |
            token::DotDotDot | token::DotDotEq | token::ModSep | token::Not => Some(false),
            // ensure slice patterns [a, b.., c] and [a, b, c..] don't go into the
            // range pattern branch
            token::DotDot => None,
            _ => Some(true),
        }).unwrap_or_else(|| self.look_ahead(2, |t| match *t {
            token::Comma | token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket) => true,
            _ => false,
        }))
    }

    /// A wrapper around `parse_pat` with some special error handling for the
    /// "top-level" patterns in a match arm, `for` loop, `let`, &c. (in contrast
    /// to subpatterns within such).
    fn parse_top_level_pat(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Pat>> {
        let pat = self.parse_pat(None)?;
        if self.token == token::Comma {
            // An unexpected comma after a top-level pattern is a clue that the
            // user (perhaps more accustomed to some other language) forgot the
            // parentheses in what should have been a tuple pattern; return a
            // suggestion-enhanced error here rather than choking on the comma
            // later.
            let comma_span = self.span;
            self.bump();
            if let Err(mut err) = self.parse_pat_list() {
                // We didn't expect this to work anyway; we just wanted
                // to advance to the end of the comma-sequence so we know
                // the span to suggest parenthesizing
                err.cancel();
            }
            let seq_span = pat.span.to(self.prev_span);
            let mut err = self.struct_span_err(comma_span,
                                               "unexpected `,` in pattern");
            if let Ok(seq_snippet) = self.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(seq_span) {
                err.span_suggestion(
                    seq_span,
                    "try adding parentheses to match on a tuple..",
                    format!("({})", seq_snippet),
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable
                ).span_suggestion(
                    seq_span,
                    "..or a vertical bar to match on multiple alternatives",
                    format!("{}", seq_snippet.replace(",", " |")),
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable
                );
            }
            return Err(err);
        }
        Ok(pat)
    }

    /// Parses a pattern.
    pub fn parse_pat(&mut self, expected: Option<&'static str>) -> PResult<'a, P<Pat>> {
        self.parse_pat_with_range_pat(true, expected)
    }

    /// Parses a pattern, with a setting whether modern range patterns (e.g., `a..=b`, `a..b` are
    /// allowed).
    fn parse_pat_with_range_pat(
        &mut self,
        allow_range_pat: bool,
        expected: Option<&'static str>,
    ) -> PResult<'a, P<Pat>> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtPat, |x| x);

        let lo = self.span;
        let pat;
        match self.token {
            token::BinOp(token::And) | token::AndAnd => {
                // Parse &pat / &mut pat
                self.expect_and()?;
                let mutbl = self.parse_mutability();
                if let token::Lifetime(ident) = self.token {
                    let mut err = self.fatal(&format!("unexpected lifetime `{}` in pattern",
                                                      ident));
                    err.span_label(self.span, "unexpected lifetime");
                    return Err(err);
                }
                let subpat = self.parse_pat_with_range_pat(false, expected)?;
                pat = PatKind::Ref(subpat, mutbl);
            }
            token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) => {
                // Parse (pat,pat,pat,...) as tuple pattern
                let (fields, ddpos, trailing_comma) = self.parse_parenthesized_pat_list()?;
                pat = if fields.len() == 1 && ddpos.is_none() && !trailing_comma {
                    PatKind::Paren(fields.into_iter().nth(0).unwrap())
                } else {
                    PatKind::Tuple(fields, ddpos)
                };
            }
            token::OpenDelim(token::Bracket) => {
                // Parse [pat,pat,...] as slice pattern
                self.bump();
                let (before, slice, after) = self.parse_pat_vec_elements()?;
                self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket))?;
                pat = PatKind::Slice(before, slice, after);
            }
            // At this point, token != &, &&, (, [
            _ => if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Underscore) {
                // Parse _
                pat = PatKind::Wild;
            } else if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Mut) {
                // Parse mut ident @ pat / mut ref ident @ pat
                let mutref_span = self.prev_span.to(self.span);
                let binding_mode = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Ref) {
                    self.diagnostic()
                        .struct_span_err(mutref_span, "the order of `mut` and `ref` is incorrect")
                        .span_suggestion(
                            mutref_span,
                            "try switching the order",
                            "ref mut".into(),
                            Applicability::MachineApplicable
                        ).emit();
                    BindingMode::ByRef(Mutability::Mutable)
                } else {
                    BindingMode::ByValue(Mutability::Mutable)
                };
                pat = self.parse_pat_ident(binding_mode)?;
            } else if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Ref) {
                // Parse ref ident @ pat / ref mut ident @ pat
                let mutbl = self.parse_mutability();
                pat = self.parse_pat_ident(BindingMode::ByRef(mutbl))?;
            } else if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Box) {
                // Parse box pat
                let subpat = self.parse_pat_with_range_pat(false, None)?;
                pat = PatKind::Box(subpat);
            } else if self.token.is_ident() && !self.token.is_reserved_ident() &&
                      self.parse_as_ident() {
                // Parse ident @ pat
                // This can give false positives and parse nullary enums,
                // they are dealt with later in resolve
                let binding_mode = BindingMode::ByValue(Mutability::Immutable);
                pat = self.parse_pat_ident(binding_mode)?;
            } else if self.token.is_path_start() {
                // Parse pattern starting with a path
                let (qself, path) = if self.eat_lt() {
                    // Parse a qualified path
                    let (qself, path) = self.parse_qpath(PathStyle::Expr)?;
                    (Some(qself), path)
                } else {
                    // Parse an unqualified path
                    (None, self.parse_path(PathStyle::Expr)?)
                };
                match self.token {
                    token::Not if qself.is_none() => {
                        // Parse macro invocation
                        self.bump();
                        let (delim, tts) = self.expect_delimited_token_tree()?;
                        let mac = respan(lo.to(self.prev_span), Mac_ { path, tts, delim });
                        pat = PatKind::Mac(mac);
                    }
                    token::DotDotDot | token::DotDotEq | token::DotDot => {
                        let end_kind = match self.token {
                            token::DotDot => RangeEnd::Excluded,
                            token::DotDotDot => RangeEnd::Included(RangeSyntax::DotDotDot),
                            token::DotDotEq => RangeEnd::Included(RangeSyntax::DotDotEq),
                            _ => panic!("can only parse `..`/`...`/`..=` for ranges \
                                         (checked above)"),
                        };
                        let op_span = self.span;
                        // Parse range
                        let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
                        let begin = self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Path(qself, path), ThinVec::new());
                        self.bump();
                        let end = self.parse_pat_range_end()?;
                        let op = Spanned { span: op_span, node: end_kind };
                        pat = PatKind::Range(begin, end, op);
                    }
                    token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) => {
                        if qself.is_some() {
                            let msg = "unexpected `{` after qualified path";
                            let mut err = self.fatal(msg);
                            err.span_label(self.span, msg);
                            return Err(err);
                        }
                        // Parse struct pattern
                        self.bump();
                        let (fields, etc) = self.parse_pat_fields().unwrap_or_else(|mut e| {
                            e.emit();
                            self.recover_stmt();
                            (vec![], false)
                        });
                        self.bump();
                        pat = PatKind::Struct(path, fields, etc);
                    }
                    token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) => {
                        if qself.is_some() {
                            let msg = "unexpected `(` after qualified path";
                            let mut err = self.fatal(msg);
                            err.span_label(self.span, msg);
                            return Err(err);
                        }
                        // Parse tuple struct or enum pattern
                        let (fields, ddpos, _) = self.parse_parenthesized_pat_list()?;
                        pat = PatKind::TupleStruct(path, fields, ddpos)
                    }
                    _ => pat = PatKind::Path(qself, path),
                }
            } else {
                // Try to parse everything else as literal with optional minus
                match self.parse_literal_maybe_minus() {
                    Ok(begin) => {
                        let op_span = self.span;
                        if self.check(&token::DotDot) || self.check(&token::DotDotEq) ||
                                self.check(&token::DotDotDot) {
                            let end_kind = if self.eat(&token::DotDotDot) {
                                RangeEnd::Included(RangeSyntax::DotDotDot)
                            } else if self.eat(&token::DotDotEq) {
                                RangeEnd::Included(RangeSyntax::DotDotEq)
                            } else if self.eat(&token::DotDot) {
                                RangeEnd::Excluded
                            } else {
                                panic!("impossible case: we already matched \
                                        on a range-operator token")
                            };
                            let end = self.parse_pat_range_end()?;
                            let op = Spanned { span: op_span, node: end_kind };
                            pat = PatKind::Range(begin, end, op);
                        } else {
                            pat = PatKind::Lit(begin);
                        }
                    }
                    Err(mut err) => {
                        self.cancel(&mut err);
                        let expected = expected.unwrap_or("pattern");
                        let msg = format!(
                            "expected {}, found {}",
                            expected,
                            self.this_token_descr(),
                        );
                        let mut err = self.fatal(&msg);
                        err.span_label(self.span, format!("expected {}", expected));
                        return Err(err);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let pat = Pat { node: pat, span: lo.to(self.prev_span), id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID };
        let pat = self.maybe_recover_from_bad_qpath(pat, true)?;

        if !allow_range_pat {
            match pat.node {
                PatKind::Range(
                    _, _, Spanned { node: RangeEnd::Included(RangeSyntax::DotDotDot), .. }
                ) => {},
                PatKind::Range(..) => {
                    let mut err = self.struct_span_err(
                        pat.span,
                        "the range pattern here has ambiguous interpretation",
                    );
                    err.span_suggestion(
                        pat.span,
                        "add parentheses to clarify the precedence",
                        format!("({})", pprust::pat_to_string(&pat)),
                        // "ambiguous interpretation" implies that we have to be guessing
                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect
                    );
                    return Err(err);
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        Ok(P(pat))
    }

    /// Parses `ident` or `ident @ pat`.
    /// used by the copy foo and ref foo patterns to give a good
    /// error message when parsing mistakes like `ref foo(a, b)`.
    fn parse_pat_ident(&mut self,
                       binding_mode: ast::BindingMode)
                       -> PResult<'a, PatKind> {
        let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
        let sub = if self.eat(&token::At) {
            Some(self.parse_pat(Some("binding pattern"))?)
        } else {
            None
        };

        // just to be friendly, if they write something like
        //   ref Some(i)
        // we end up here with ( as the current token.  This shortly
        // leads to a parse error.  Note that if there is no explicit
        // binding mode then we do not end up here, because the lookahead
        // will direct us over to parse_enum_variant()
        if self.token == token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) {
            return Err(self.span_fatal(
                self.prev_span,
                "expected identifier, found enum pattern"))
        }

        Ok(PatKind::Ident(binding_mode, ident, sub))
    }

    /// Parses a local variable declaration.
    fn parse_local(&mut self, attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, P<Local>> {
        let lo = self.prev_span;
        let pat = self.parse_top_level_pat()?;

        let (err, ty) = if self.eat(&token::Colon) {
            // Save the state of the parser before parsing type normally, in case there is a `:`
            // instead of an `=` typo.
            let parser_snapshot_before_type = self.clone();
            let colon_sp = self.prev_span;
            match self.parse_ty() {
                Ok(ty) => (None, Some(ty)),
                Err(mut err) => {
                    // Rewind to before attempting to parse the type and continue parsing
                    let parser_snapshot_after_type = self.clone();
                    mem::replace(self, parser_snapshot_before_type);

                    let snippet = self.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(pat.span).unwrap();
                    err.span_label(pat.span, format!("while parsing the type for `{}`", snippet));
                    (Some((parser_snapshot_after_type, colon_sp, err)), None)
                }
            }
        } else {
            (None, None)
        };
        let init = match (self.parse_initializer(err.is_some()), err) {
            (Ok(init), None) => {  // init parsed, ty parsed
                init
            }
            (Ok(init), Some((_, colon_sp, mut err))) => {  // init parsed, ty error
                // Could parse the type as if it were the initializer, it is likely there was a
                // typo in the code: `:` instead of `=`. Add suggestion and emit the error.
                err.span_suggestion_short(
                    colon_sp,
                    "use `=` if you meant to assign",
                    "=".to_string(),
                    Applicability::MachineApplicable
                );
                err.emit();
                // As this was parsed successfully, continue as if the code has been fixed for the
                // rest of the file. It will still fail due to the emitted error, but we avoid
                // extra noise.
                init
            }
            (Err(mut init_err), Some((snapshot, _, ty_err))) => {  // init error, ty error
                init_err.cancel();
                // Couldn't parse the type nor the initializer, only raise the type error and
                // return to the parser state before parsing the type as the initializer.
                // let x: <parse_error>;
                mem::replace(self, snapshot);
                return Err(ty_err);
            }
            (Err(err), None) => {  // init error, ty parsed
                // Couldn't parse the initializer and we're not attempting to recover a failed
                // parse of the type, return the error.
                return Err(err);
            }
        };
        let hi = if self.token == token::Semi {
            self.span
        } else {
            self.prev_span
        };
        Ok(P(ast::Local {
            ty,
            pat,
            init,
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            span: lo.to(hi),
            attrs,
        }))
    }

    /// Parses a structure field.
    fn parse_name_and_ty(&mut self,
                         lo: Span,
                         vis: Visibility,
                         attrs: Vec<Attribute>)
                         -> PResult<'a, StructField> {
        let name = self.parse_ident()?;
        self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
        let ty = self.parse_ty()?;
        Ok(StructField {
            span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
            ident: Some(name),
            vis,
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            ty,
            attrs,
        })
    }

    /// Emits an expected-item-after-attributes error.
    fn expected_item_err(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute]) -> PResult<'a,  ()> {
        let message = match attrs.last() {
            Some(&Attribute { is_sugared_doc: true, .. }) => "expected item after doc comment",
            _ => "expected item after attributes",
        };

        let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(self.prev_span, message);
        if attrs.last().unwrap().is_sugared_doc {
            err.span_label(self.prev_span, "this doc comment doesn't document anything");
        }
        Err(err)
    }

    /// Parse a statement. This stops just before trailing semicolons on everything but items.
    /// e.g., a `StmtKind::Semi` parses to a `StmtKind::Expr`, leaving the trailing `;` unconsumed.
    pub fn parse_stmt(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Option<Stmt>> {
        Ok(self.parse_stmt_(true))
    }

    // Eat tokens until we can be relatively sure we reached the end of the
    // statement. This is something of a best-effort heuristic.
    //
    // We terminate when we find an unmatched `}` (without consuming it).
    fn recover_stmt(&mut self) {
        self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Ignore, BlockMode::Ignore)
    }

    // If `break_on_semi` is `Break`, then we will stop consuming tokens after
    // finding (and consuming) a `;` outside of `{}` or `[]` (note that this is
    // approximate - it can mean we break too early due to macros, but that
    // should only lead to sub-optimal recovery, not inaccurate parsing).
    //
    // If `break_on_block` is `Break`, then we will stop consuming tokens
    // after finding (and consuming) a brace-delimited block.
    fn recover_stmt_(&mut self, break_on_semi: SemiColonMode, break_on_block: BlockMode) {
        let mut brace_depth = 0;
        let mut bracket_depth = 0;
        let mut in_block = false;
        debug!("recover_stmt_ enter loop (semi={:?}, block={:?})",
               break_on_semi, break_on_block);
        loop {
            debug!("recover_stmt_ loop {:?}", self.token);
            match self.token {
                token::OpenDelim(token::DelimToken::Brace) => {
                    brace_depth += 1;
                    self.bump();
                    if break_on_block == BlockMode::Break &&
                       brace_depth == 1 &&
                       bracket_depth == 0 {
                        in_block = true;
                    }
                }
                token::OpenDelim(token::DelimToken::Bracket) => {
                    bracket_depth += 1;
                    self.bump();
                }
                token::CloseDelim(token::DelimToken::Brace) => {
                    if brace_depth == 0 {
                        debug!("recover_stmt_ return - close delim {:?}", self.token);
                        break;
                    }
                    brace_depth -= 1;
                    self.bump();
                    if in_block && bracket_depth == 0 && brace_depth == 0 {
                        debug!("recover_stmt_ return - block end {:?}", self.token);
                        break;
                    }
                }
                token::CloseDelim(token::DelimToken::Bracket) => {
                    bracket_depth -= 1;
                    if bracket_depth < 0 {
                        bracket_depth = 0;
                    }
                    self.bump();
                }
                token::Eof => {
                    debug!("recover_stmt_ return - Eof");
                    break;
                }
                token::Semi => {
                    self.bump();
                    if break_on_semi == SemiColonMode::Break &&
                       brace_depth == 0 &&
                       bracket_depth == 0 {
                        debug!("recover_stmt_ return - Semi");
                        break;
                    }
                }
                token::Comma => {
                    if break_on_semi == SemiColonMode::Comma &&
                       brace_depth == 0 &&
                       bracket_depth == 0 {
                        debug!("recover_stmt_ return - Semi");
                        break;
                    } else {
                        self.bump();
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    self.bump()
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn parse_stmt_(&mut self, macro_legacy_warnings: bool) -> Option<Stmt> {
        self.parse_stmt_without_recovery(macro_legacy_warnings).unwrap_or_else(|mut e| {
            e.emit();
            self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Break, BlockMode::Ignore);
            None
        })
    }

    fn is_async_block(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Async) &&
        (
            ( // `async move {`
                self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Move)) &&
                self.look_ahead(2, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))
            ) || ( // `async {`
                self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))
            )
        )
    }

    fn is_do_catch_block(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Do) &&
        self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Catch)) &&
        self.look_ahead(2, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) &&
        !self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL)
    }

    fn is_try_block(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Try) &&
        self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) &&
        self.span.rust_2018() &&
        // prevent `while try {} {}`, `if try {} {} else {}`, etc.
        !self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::NO_STRUCT_LITERAL)
    }

    fn is_union_item(&self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Union) &&
        self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_ident() && !t.is_reserved_ident())
    }

    fn is_crate_vis(&self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Crate) && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t != &token::ModSep)
    }

    fn is_existential_type_decl(&self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Existential) &&
        self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Type))
    }

    fn is_auto_trait_item(&mut self) -> bool {
        // auto trait
        (self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Auto)
            && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Trait)))
        || // unsafe auto trait
        (self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) &&
         self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Auto)) &&
         self.look_ahead(2, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Trait)))
    }

    fn eat_macro_def(&mut self, attrs: &[Attribute], vis: &Visibility, lo: Span)
                     -> PResult<'a, Option<P<Item>>> {
        let token_lo = self.span;
        let (ident, def) = match self.token {
            token::Ident(ident, false) if ident.name == keywords::Macro.name() => {
                self.bump();
                let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
                let tokens = if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
                    match self.parse_token_tree() {
                        TokenTree::Delimited(_, _, tts) => tts,
                        _ => unreachable!(),
                    }
                } else if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren)) {
                    let args = self.parse_token_tree();
                    let body = if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
                        self.parse_token_tree()
                    } else {
                        self.unexpected()?;
                        unreachable!()
                    };
                    TokenStream::new(vec![
                        args.into(),
                        TokenTree::Token(token_lo.to(self.prev_span), token::FatArrow).into(),
                        body.into(),
                    ])
                } else {
                    self.unexpected()?;
                    unreachable!()
                };

                (ident, ast::MacroDef { tokens: tokens.into(), legacy: false })
            }
            token::Ident(ident, _) if ident.name == "macro_rules" &&
                                   self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::Not) => {
                let prev_span = self.prev_span;
                self.complain_if_pub_macro(&vis.node, prev_span);
                self.bump();
                self.bump();

                let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
                let (delim, tokens) = self.expect_delimited_token_tree()?;
                if delim != MacDelimiter::Brace {
                    if !self.eat(&token::Semi) {
                        let msg = "macros that expand to items must either \
                                   be surrounded with braces or followed by a semicolon";
                        self.span_err(self.prev_span, msg);
                    }
                }

                (ident, ast::MacroDef { tokens: tokens, legacy: true })
            }
            _ => return Ok(None),
        };

        let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
        Ok(Some(self.mk_item(span, ident, ItemKind::MacroDef(def), vis.clone(), attrs.to_vec())))
    }

    fn parse_stmt_without_recovery(&mut self,
                                   macro_legacy_warnings: bool)
                                   -> PResult<'a, Option<Stmt>> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtStmt, |x| Some(x));

        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        let lo = self.span;

        Ok(Some(if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Let) {
            Stmt {
                id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                node: StmtKind::Local(self.parse_local(attrs.into())?),
                span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
            }
        } else if let Some(macro_def) = self.eat_macro_def(
            &attrs,
            &source_map::respan(lo, VisibilityKind::Inherited),
            lo,
        )? {
            Stmt {
                id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                node: StmtKind::Item(macro_def),
                span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
            }
        // Starts like a simple path, being careful to avoid contextual keywords
        // such as a union items, item with `crate` visibility or auto trait items.
        // Our goal here is to parse an arbitrary path `a::b::c` but not something that starts
        // like a path (1 token), but it fact not a path.
        // `union::b::c` - path, `union U { ... }` - not a path.
        // `crate::b::c` - path, `crate struct S;` - not a path.
        } else if self.token.is_path_start() &&
                  !self.token.is_qpath_start() &&
                  !self.is_union_item() &&
                  !self.is_crate_vis() &&
                  !self.is_existential_type_decl() &&
                  !self.is_auto_trait_item() {
            let pth = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Expr)?;

            if !self.eat(&token::Not) {
                let expr = if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
                    self.parse_struct_expr(lo, pth, ThinVec::new())?
                } else {
                    let hi = self.prev_span;
                    self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::Path(None, pth), ThinVec::new())
                };

                let expr = self.with_res(Restrictions::STMT_EXPR, |this| {
                    let expr = this.parse_dot_or_call_expr_with(expr, lo, attrs.into())?;
                    this.parse_assoc_expr_with(0, LhsExpr::AlreadyParsed(expr))
                })?;

                return Ok(Some(Stmt {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    node: StmtKind::Expr(expr),
                    span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
                }));
            }

            // it's a macro invocation
            let id = match self.token {
                token::OpenDelim(_) => keywords::Invalid.ident(), // no special identifier
                _ => self.parse_ident()?,
            };

            // check that we're pointing at delimiters (need to check
            // again after the `if`, because of `parse_ident`
            // consuming more tokens).
            match self.token {
                token::OpenDelim(_) => {}
                _ => {
                    // we only expect an ident if we didn't parse one
                    // above.
                    let ident_str = if id.name == keywords::Invalid.name() {
                        "identifier, "
                    } else {
                        ""
                    };
                    let tok_str = self.this_token_descr();
                    let mut err = self.fatal(&format!("expected {}`(` or `{{`, found {}",
                                                      ident_str,
                                                      tok_str));
                    err.span_label(self.span, format!("expected {}`(` or `{{`", ident_str));
                    return Err(err)
                },
            }

            let (delim, tts) = self.expect_delimited_token_tree()?;
            let hi = self.prev_span;

            let style = if delim == MacDelimiter::Brace {
                MacStmtStyle::Braces
            } else {
                MacStmtStyle::NoBraces
            };

            if id.name == keywords::Invalid.name() {
                let mac = respan(lo.to(hi), Mac_ { path: pth, tts, delim });
                let node = if delim == MacDelimiter::Brace ||
                              self.token == token::Semi || self.token == token::Eof {
                    StmtKind::Mac(P((mac, style, attrs.into())))
                }
                // We used to incorrectly stop parsing macro-expanded statements here.
                // If the next token will be an error anyway but could have parsed with the
                // earlier behavior, stop parsing here and emit a warning to avoid breakage.
                else if macro_legacy_warnings && self.token.can_begin_expr() && match self.token {
                    // These can continue an expression, so we can't stop parsing and warn.
                    token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) | token::OpenDelim(token::Bracket) |
                    token::BinOp(token::Minus) | token::BinOp(token::Star) |
                    token::BinOp(token::And) | token::BinOp(token::Or) |
                    token::AndAnd | token::OrOr |
                    token::DotDot | token::DotDotDot | token::DotDotEq => false,
                    _ => true,
                } {
                    self.warn_missing_semicolon();
                    StmtKind::Mac(P((mac, style, attrs.into())))
                } else {
                    let e = self.mk_mac_expr(lo.to(hi), mac.node, ThinVec::new());
                    let e = self.parse_dot_or_call_expr_with(e, lo, attrs.into())?;
                    let e = self.parse_assoc_expr_with(0, LhsExpr::AlreadyParsed(e))?;
                    StmtKind::Expr(e)
                };
                Stmt {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    span: lo.to(hi),
                    node,
                }
            } else {
                // if it has a special ident, it's definitely an item
                //
                // Require a semicolon or braces.
                if style != MacStmtStyle::Braces {
                    if !self.eat(&token::Semi) {
                        self.span_err(self.prev_span,
                                      "macros that expand to items must \
                                       either be surrounded with braces or \
                                       followed by a semicolon");
                    }
                }
                let span = lo.to(hi);
                Stmt {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    span,
                    node: StmtKind::Item({
                        self.mk_item(
                            span, id /*id is good here*/,
                            ItemKind::Mac(respan(span, Mac_ { path: pth, tts, delim })),
                            respan(lo, VisibilityKind::Inherited),
                            attrs)
                    }),
                }
            }
        } else {
            // FIXME: Bad copy of attrs
            let old_directory_ownership =
                mem::replace(&mut self.directory.ownership, DirectoryOwnership::UnownedViaBlock);
            let item = self.parse_item_(attrs.clone(), false, true)?;
            self.directory.ownership = old_directory_ownership;

            match item {
                Some(i) => Stmt {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    span: lo.to(i.span),
                    node: StmtKind::Item(i),
                },
                None => {
                    let unused_attrs = |attrs: &[Attribute], s: &mut Self| {
                        if !attrs.is_empty() {
                            if s.prev_token_kind == PrevTokenKind::DocComment {
                                s.span_fatal_err(s.prev_span, Error::UselessDocComment).emit();
                            } else if attrs.iter().any(|a| a.style == AttrStyle::Outer) {
                                s.span_err(s.span, "expected statement after outer attribute");
                            }
                        }
                    };

                    // Do not attempt to parse an expression if we're done here.
                    if self.token == token::Semi {
                        unused_attrs(&attrs, self);
                        self.bump();
                        return Ok(None);
                    }

                    if self.token == token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
                        unused_attrs(&attrs, self);
                        return Ok(None);
                    }

                    // Remainder are line-expr stmts.
                    let e = self.parse_expr_res(
                        Restrictions::STMT_EXPR, Some(attrs.into()))?;
                    Stmt {
                        id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                        span: lo.to(e.span),
                        node: StmtKind::Expr(e),
                    }
                }
            }
        }))
    }

    /// Checks if this expression is a successfully parsed statement.
    fn expr_is_complete(&mut self, e: &Expr) -> bool {
        self.restrictions.contains(Restrictions::STMT_EXPR) &&
            !classify::expr_requires_semi_to_be_stmt(e)
    }

    /// Parses a block. No inner attributes are allowed.
    pub fn parse_block(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<Block>> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtBlock, |x| x);

        let lo = self.span;

        if !self.eat(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
            let sp = self.span;
            let tok = self.this_token_descr();
            let mut e = self.span_fatal(sp, &format!("expected `{{`, found {}", tok));
            let do_not_suggest_help =
                self.token.is_keyword(keywords::In) || self.token == token::Colon;

            if self.token.is_ident_named("and") {
                e.span_suggestion_short(
                    self.span,
                    "use `&&` instead of `and` for the boolean operator",
                    "&&".to_string(),
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                );
            }
            if self.token.is_ident_named("or") {
                e.span_suggestion_short(
                    self.span,
                    "use `||` instead of `or` for the boolean operator",
                    "||".to_string(),
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                );
            }

            // Check to see if the user has written something like
            //
            //    if (cond)
            //      bar;
            //
            // Which is valid in other languages, but not Rust.
            match self.parse_stmt_without_recovery(false) {
                Ok(Some(stmt)) => {
                    if self.look_ahead(1, |t| t == &token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))
                        || do_not_suggest_help {
                        // if the next token is an open brace (e.g., `if a b {`), the place-
                        // inside-a-block suggestion would be more likely wrong than right
                        e.span_label(sp, "expected `{`");
                        return Err(e);
                    }
                    let mut stmt_span = stmt.span;
                    // expand the span to include the semicolon, if it exists
                    if self.eat(&token::Semi) {
                        stmt_span = stmt_span.with_hi(self.prev_span.hi());
                    }
                    let sugg = pprust::to_string(|s| {
                        use crate::print::pprust::{PrintState, INDENT_UNIT};
                        s.ibox(INDENT_UNIT)?;
                        s.bopen()?;
                        s.print_stmt(&stmt)?;
                        s.bclose_maybe_open(stmt.span, INDENT_UNIT, false)
                    });
                    e.span_suggestion(
                        stmt_span,
                        "try placing this code inside a block",
                        sugg,
                        // speculative, has been misleading in the past (closed Issue #46836)
                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect
                    );
                }
                Err(mut e) => {
                    self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Break, BlockMode::Ignore);
                    self.cancel(&mut e);
                }
                _ => ()
            }
            e.span_label(sp, "expected `{`");
            return Err(e);
        }

        self.parse_block_tail(lo, BlockCheckMode::Default)
    }

    /// Parses a block. Inner attributes are allowed.
    fn parse_inner_attrs_and_block(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<Attribute>, P<Block>)> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtBlock, |x| (Vec::new(), x));

        let lo = self.span;
        self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))?;
        Ok((self.parse_inner_attributes()?,
            self.parse_block_tail(lo, BlockCheckMode::Default)?))
    }

    /// Parses the rest of a block expression or function body.
    /// Precondition: already parsed the '{'.
    fn parse_block_tail(&mut self, lo: Span, s: BlockCheckMode) -> PResult<'a, P<Block>> {
        let mut stmts = vec![];
        while !self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(token::Brace)) {
            let stmt = match self.parse_full_stmt(false) {
                Err(mut err) => {
                    err.emit();
                    self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Ignore, BlockMode::Ignore);
                    Some(Stmt {
                        id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                        node: StmtKind::Expr(DummyResult::raw_expr(self.span, true)),
                        span: self.span,
                    })
                }
                Ok(stmt) => stmt,
            };
            if let Some(stmt) = stmt {
                stmts.push(stmt);
            } else if self.token == token::Eof {
                break;
            } else {
                // Found only `;` or `}`.
                continue;
            };
        }
        Ok(P(ast::Block {
            stmts,
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            rules: s,
            span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
        }))
    }

    /// Parses a statement, including the trailing semicolon.
    crate fn parse_full_stmt(&mut self, macro_legacy_warnings: bool) -> PResult<'a, Option<Stmt>> {
        // skip looking for a trailing semicolon when we have an interpolated statement
        maybe_whole!(self, NtStmt, |x| Some(x));

        let mut stmt = match self.parse_stmt_without_recovery(macro_legacy_warnings)? {
            Some(stmt) => stmt,
            None => return Ok(None),
        };

        match stmt.node {
            StmtKind::Expr(ref expr) if self.token != token::Eof => {
                // expression without semicolon
                if classify::expr_requires_semi_to_be_stmt(expr) {
                    // Just check for errors and recover; do not eat semicolon yet.
                    if let Err(mut e) =
                        self.expect_one_of(&[], &[token::Semi, token::CloseDelim(token::Brace)])
                    {
                        e.emit();
                        self.recover_stmt();
                    }
                }
            }
            StmtKind::Local(..) => {
                // We used to incorrectly allow a macro-expanded let statement to lack a semicolon.
                if macro_legacy_warnings && self.token != token::Semi {
                    self.warn_missing_semicolon();
                } else {
                    self.expect_one_of(&[], &[token::Semi])?;
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }

        if self.eat(&token::Semi) {
            stmt = stmt.add_trailing_semicolon();
        }

        stmt.span = stmt.span.with_hi(self.prev_span.hi());
        Ok(Some(stmt))
    }

    fn warn_missing_semicolon(&self) {
        self.diagnostic().struct_span_warn(self.span, {
            &format!("expected `;`, found {}", self.this_token_descr())
        }).note({
            "This was erroneously allowed and will become a hard error in a future release"
        }).emit();
    }

    fn err_dotdotdot_syntax(&self, span: Span) {
        self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(span, {
            "unexpected token: `...`"
        }).span_suggestion(
            span, "use `..` for an exclusive range", "..".to_owned(),
            Applicability::MaybeIncorrect
        ).span_suggestion(
            span, "or `..=` for an inclusive range", "..=".to_owned(),
            Applicability::MaybeIncorrect
        ).emit();
    }

    /// Parses bounds of a type parameter `BOUND + BOUND + ...`, possibly with trailing `+`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// BOUND = TY_BOUND | LT_BOUND
    /// LT_BOUND = LIFETIME (e.g., `'a`)
    /// TY_BOUND = TY_BOUND_NOPAREN | (TY_BOUND_NOPAREN)
    /// TY_BOUND_NOPAREN = [?] [for<LT_PARAM_DEFS>] SIMPLE_PATH (e.g., `?for<'a: 'b> m::Trait<'a>`)
    /// ```
    fn parse_generic_bounds_common(&mut self,
                                   allow_plus: bool,
                                   colon_span: Option<Span>) -> PResult<'a, GenericBounds> {
        let mut bounds = Vec::new();
        let mut negative_bounds = Vec::new();
        let mut last_plus_span = None;
        loop {
            // This needs to be synchronized with `Token::can_begin_bound`.
            let is_bound_start = self.check_path() || self.check_lifetime() ||
                                 self.check(&token::Not) || // used for error reporting only
                                 self.check(&token::Question) ||
                                 self.check_keyword(keywords::For) ||
                                 self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren));
            if is_bound_start {
                let lo = self.span;
                let has_parens = self.eat(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren));
                let inner_lo = self.span;
                let is_negative = self.eat(&token::Not);
                let question = if self.eat(&token::Question) { Some(self.prev_span) } else { None };
                if self.token.is_lifetime() {
                    if let Some(question_span) = question {
                        self.span_err(question_span,
                                      "`?` may only modify trait bounds, not lifetime bounds");
                    }
                    bounds.push(GenericBound::Outlives(self.expect_lifetime()));
                    if has_parens {
                        let inner_span = inner_lo.to(self.prev_span);
                        self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?;
                        let mut err = self.struct_span_err(
                            lo.to(self.prev_span),
                            "parenthesized lifetime bounds are not supported"
                        );
                        if let Ok(snippet) = self.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(inner_span) {
                            err.span_suggestion_short(
                                lo.to(self.prev_span),
                                "remove the parentheses",
                                snippet.to_owned(),
                                Applicability::MachineApplicable
                            );
                        }
                        err.emit();
                    }
                } else {
                    let lifetime_defs = self.parse_late_bound_lifetime_defs()?;
                    let path = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Type)?;
                    if has_parens {
                        self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?;
                    }
                    let poly_span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
                    if is_negative {
                        negative_bounds.push(
                            last_plus_span.or(colon_span).unwrap()
                                .to(poly_span));
                    } else {
                        let poly_trait = PolyTraitRef::new(lifetime_defs, path, poly_span);
                        let modifier = if question.is_some() {
                            TraitBoundModifier::Maybe
                        } else {
                            TraitBoundModifier::None
                        };
                        bounds.push(GenericBound::Trait(poly_trait, modifier));
                    }
                }
            } else {
                break
            }

            if !allow_plus || !self.eat_plus() {
                break
            } else {
                last_plus_span = Some(self.prev_span);
            }
        }

        if !negative_bounds.is_empty() {
            let plural = negative_bounds.len() > 1;
            let mut err = self.struct_span_err(negative_bounds,
                                               "negative trait bounds are not supported");
            let bound_list = colon_span.unwrap().to(self.prev_span);
            let mut new_bound_list = String::new();
            if !bounds.is_empty() {
                let mut snippets = bounds.iter().map(|bound| bound.span())
                    .map(|span| self.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span));
                while let Some(Ok(snippet)) = snippets.next() {
                    new_bound_list.push_str(" + ");
                    new_bound_list.push_str(&snippet);
                }
                new_bound_list = new_bound_list.replacen(" +", ":", 1);
            }
            err.span_suggestion_short(bound_list,
                                      &format!("remove the trait bound{}",
                                              if plural { "s" } else { "" }),
                                      new_bound_list,
                                      Applicability::MachineApplicable);
            err.emit();
        }

        return Ok(bounds);
    }

    fn parse_generic_bounds(&mut self, colon_span: Option<Span>) -> PResult<'a, GenericBounds> {
        self.parse_generic_bounds_common(true, colon_span)
    }

    /// Parses bounds of a lifetime parameter `BOUND + BOUND + BOUND`, possibly with trailing `+`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// BOUND = LT_BOUND (e.g., `'a`)
    /// ```
    fn parse_lt_param_bounds(&mut self) -> GenericBounds {
        let mut lifetimes = Vec::new();
        while self.check_lifetime() {
            lifetimes.push(ast::GenericBound::Outlives(self.expect_lifetime()));

            if !self.eat_plus() {
                break
            }
        }
        lifetimes
    }

    /// Matches `typaram = IDENT (`?` unbound)? optbounds ( EQ ty )?`.
    fn parse_ty_param(&mut self,
                      preceding_attrs: Vec<Attribute>)
                      -> PResult<'a, GenericParam> {
        let ident = self.parse_ident()?;

        // Parse optional colon and param bounds.
        let bounds = if self.eat(&token::Colon) {
            self.parse_generic_bounds(None)?
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };

        let default = if self.eat(&token::Eq) {
            Some(self.parse_ty()?)
        } else {
            None
        };

        Ok(GenericParam {
            ident,
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            attrs: preceding_attrs.into(),
            bounds,
            kind: GenericParamKind::Type {
                default,
            }
        })
    }

    /// Parses the following grammar:
    ///
    ///     TraitItemAssocTy = Ident ["<"...">"] [":" [GenericBounds]] ["where" ...] ["=" Ty]
    fn parse_trait_item_assoc_ty(&mut self)
        -> PResult<'a, (Ident, TraitItemKind, ast::Generics)> {
        let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
        let mut generics = self.parse_generics()?;

        // Parse optional colon and param bounds.
        let bounds = if self.eat(&token::Colon) {
            self.parse_generic_bounds(None)?
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };
        generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;

        let default = if self.eat(&token::Eq) {
            Some(self.parse_ty()?)
        } else {
            None
        };
        self.expect(&token::Semi)?;

        Ok((ident, TraitItemKind::Type(bounds, default), generics))
    }

    fn parse_const_param(&mut self, preceding_attrs: Vec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, GenericParam> {
        self.expect_keyword(keywords::Const)?;
        let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
        self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
        let ty = self.parse_ty()?;

        Ok(GenericParam {
            ident,
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            attrs: preceding_attrs.into(),
            bounds: Vec::new(),
            kind: GenericParamKind::Const {
                ty,
            }
        })
    }

    /// Parses a (possibly empty) list of lifetime and type parameters, possibly including
    /// a trailing comma and erroneous trailing attributes.
    crate fn parse_generic_params(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Vec<ast::GenericParam>> {
        let mut params = Vec::new();
        loop {
            let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
            if self.check_lifetime() {
                let lifetime = self.expect_lifetime();
                // Parse lifetime parameter.
                let bounds = if self.eat(&token::Colon) {
                    self.parse_lt_param_bounds()
                } else {
                    Vec::new()
                };
                params.push(ast::GenericParam {
                    ident: lifetime.ident,
                    id: lifetime.id,
                    attrs: attrs.into(),
                    bounds,
                    kind: ast::GenericParamKind::Lifetime,
                });
            } else if self.check_keyword(keywords::Const) {
                // Parse const parameter.
                params.push(self.parse_const_param(attrs)?);
            } else if self.check_ident() {
                // Parse type parameter.
                params.push(self.parse_ty_param(attrs)?);
            } else {
                // Check for trailing attributes and stop parsing.
                if !attrs.is_empty() {
                    if !params.is_empty() {
                        self.struct_span_err(
                            attrs[0].span,
                            &format!("trailing attribute after generic parameter"),
                        )
                        .span_label(attrs[0].span, "attributes must go before parameters")
                        .emit();
                    } else {
                        self.struct_span_err(
                            attrs[0].span,
                            &format!("attribute without generic parameters"),
                        )
                        .span_label(
                            attrs[0].span,
                            "attributes are only permitted when preceding parameters",
                        )
                        .emit();
                    }
                }
                break
            }

            if !self.eat(&token::Comma) {
                break
            }
        }
        Ok(params)
    }

    /// Parses a set of optional generic type parameter declarations. Where
    /// clauses are not parsed here, and must be added later via
    /// `parse_where_clause()`.
    ///
    /// matches generics = ( ) | ( < > ) | ( < typaramseq ( , )? > ) | ( < lifetimes ( , )? > )
    ///                  | ( < lifetimes , typaramseq ( , )? > )
    /// where   typaramseq = ( typaram ) | ( typaram , typaramseq )
    fn parse_generics(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ast::Generics> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtGenerics, |x| x);

        let span_lo = self.span;
        if self.eat_lt() {
            let params = self.parse_generic_params()?;
            self.expect_gt()?;
            Ok(ast::Generics {
                params,
                where_clause: WhereClause {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    predicates: Vec::new(),
                    span: syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
                },
                span: span_lo.to(self.prev_span),
            })
        } else {
            Ok(ast::Generics::default())
        }
    }

    /// Parses generic args (within a path segment) with recovery for extra leading angle brackets.
    /// For the purposes of understanding the parsing logic of generic arguments, this function
    /// can be thought of being the same as just calling `self.parse_generic_args()` if the source
    /// had the correct amount of leading angle brackets.
    ///
    /// ```ignore (diagnostics)
    /// bar::<<<<T as Foo>::Output>();
    ///      ^^ help: remove extra angle brackets
    /// ```
    fn parse_generic_args_with_leaning_angle_bracket_recovery(
        &mut self,
        style: PathStyle,
        lo: Span,
    ) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<GenericArg>, Vec<TypeBinding>)> {
        // We need to detect whether there are extra leading left angle brackets and produce an
        // appropriate error and suggestion. This cannot be implemented by looking ahead at
        // upcoming tokens for a matching `>` character - if there are unmatched `<` tokens
        // then there won't be matching `>` tokens to find.
        //
        // To explain how this detection works, consider the following example:
        //
        // ```ignore (diagnostics)
        // bar::<<<<T as Foo>::Output>();
        //      ^^ help: remove extra angle brackets
        // ```
        //
        // Parsing of the left angle brackets starts in this function. We start by parsing the
        // `<` token (incrementing the counter of unmatched angle brackets on `Parser` via
        // `eat_lt`):
        //
        // *Upcoming tokens:* `<<<<T as Foo>::Output>;`
        // *Unmatched count:* 1
        // *`parse_path_segment` calls deep:* 0
        //
        // This has the effect of recursing as this function is called if a `<` character
        // is found within the expected generic arguments:
        //
        // *Upcoming tokens:* `<<<T as Foo>::Output>;`
        // *Unmatched count:* 2
        // *`parse_path_segment` calls deep:* 1
        //
        // Eventually we will have recursed until having consumed all of the `<` tokens and
        // this will be reflected in the count:
        //
        // *Upcoming tokens:* `T as Foo>::Output>;`
        // *Unmatched count:* 4
        // `parse_path_segment` calls deep:* 3
        //
        // The parser will continue until reaching the first `>` - this will decrement the
        // unmatched angle bracket count and return to the parent invocation of this function
        // having succeeded in parsing:
        //
        // *Upcoming tokens:* `::Output>;`
        // *Unmatched count:* 3
        // *`parse_path_segment` calls deep:* 2
        //
        // This will continue until the next `>` character which will also return successfully
        // to the parent invocation of this function and decrement the count:
        //
        // *Upcoming tokens:* `;`
        // *Unmatched count:* 2
        // *`parse_path_segment` calls deep:* 1
        //
        // At this point, this function will expect to find another matching `>` character but
        // won't be able to and will return an error. This will continue all the way up the
        // call stack until the first invocation:
        //
        // *Upcoming tokens:* `;`
        // *Unmatched count:* 2
        // *`parse_path_segment` calls deep:* 0
        //
        // In doing this, we have managed to work out how many unmatched leading left angle
        // brackets there are, but we cannot recover as the unmatched angle brackets have
        // already been consumed. To remedy this, we keep a snapshot of the parser state
        // before we do the above. We can then inspect whether we ended up with a parsing error
        // and unmatched left angle brackets and if so, restore the parser state before we
        // consumed any `<` characters to emit an error and consume the erroneous tokens to
        // recover by attempting to parse again.
        //
        // In practice, the recursion of this function is indirect and there will be other
        // locations that consume some `<` characters - as long as we update the count when
        // this happens, it isn't an issue.

        let is_first_invocation = style == PathStyle::Expr;
        // Take a snapshot before attempting to parse - we can restore this later.
        let snapshot = if is_first_invocation {
            Some(self.clone())
        } else {
            None
        };

        debug!("parse_generic_args_with_leading_angle_bracket_recovery: (snapshotting)");
        match self.parse_generic_args() {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(ref mut e) if is_first_invocation && self.unmatched_angle_bracket_count > 0 => {
                // Cancel error from being unable to find `>`. We know the error
                // must have been this due to a non-zero unmatched angle bracket
                // count.
                e.cancel();

                // Swap `self` with our backup of the parser state before attempting to parse
                // generic arguments.
                let snapshot = mem::replace(self, snapshot.unwrap());

                debug!(
                    "parse_generic_args_with_leading_angle_bracket_recovery: (snapshot failure) \
                     snapshot.count={:?}",
                    snapshot.unmatched_angle_bracket_count,
                );

                // Eat the unmatched angle brackets.
                for _ in 0..snapshot.unmatched_angle_bracket_count {
                    self.eat_lt();
                }

                // Make a span over ${unmatched angle bracket count} characters.
                let span = lo.with_hi(
                    lo.lo() + BytePos(snapshot.unmatched_angle_bracket_count)
                );
                let plural = snapshot.unmatched_angle_bracket_count > 1;
                self.diagnostic()
                    .struct_span_err(
                        span,
                        &format!(
                            "unmatched angle bracket{}",
                            if plural { "s" } else { "" }
                        ),
                    )
                    .span_suggestion(
                        span,
                        &format!(
                            "remove extra angle bracket{}",
                            if plural { "s" } else { "" }
                        ),
                        String::new(),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                    )
                    .emit();

                // Try again without unmatched angle bracket characters.
                self.parse_generic_args()
            },
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        }
    }

    /// Parses (possibly empty) list of lifetime and type arguments and associated type bindings,
    /// possibly including trailing comma.
    fn parse_generic_args(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<GenericArg>, Vec<TypeBinding>)> {
        let mut args = Vec::new();
        let mut bindings = Vec::new();
        let mut misplaced_assoc_ty_bindings: Vec<Span> = Vec::new();
        let mut assoc_ty_bindings: Vec<Span> = Vec::new();

        let args_lo = self.span;

        loop {
            if self.check_lifetime() && self.look_ahead(1, |t| !t.is_like_plus()) {
                // Parse lifetime argument.
                args.push(GenericArg::Lifetime(self.expect_lifetime()));
                misplaced_assoc_ty_bindings.append(&mut assoc_ty_bindings);
            } else if self.check_ident() && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t == &token::Eq) {
                // Parse associated type binding.
                let lo = self.span;
                let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
                self.bump();
                let ty = self.parse_ty()?;
                let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
                bindings.push(TypeBinding {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    ident,
                    ty,
                    span,
                });
                assoc_ty_bindings.push(span);
            } else if self.check_const_arg() {
                // FIXME(const_generics): to distinguish between idents for types and consts,
                // we should introduce a GenericArg::Ident in the AST and distinguish when
                // lowering to the HIR. For now, idents for const args are not permitted.

                // Parse const argument.
                let expr = if let token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) = self.token {
                    self.parse_block_expr(None, self.span, BlockCheckMode::Default, ThinVec::new())?
                } else if self.token.is_ident() {
                    // FIXME(const_generics): to distinguish between idents for types and consts,
                    // we should introduce a GenericArg::Ident in the AST and distinguish when
                    // lowering to the HIR. For now, idents for const args are not permitted.
                    return Err(
                        self.fatal("identifiers may currently not be used for const generics")
                    );
                } else {
                    // FIXME(const_generics): this currently conflicts with emplacement syntax
                    // with negative integer literals.
                    self.parse_literal_maybe_minus()?
                };
                let value = AnonConst {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    value: expr,
                };
                args.push(GenericArg::Const(value));
                misplaced_assoc_ty_bindings.append(&mut assoc_ty_bindings);
            } else if self.check_type() {
                // Parse type argument.
                args.push(GenericArg::Type(self.parse_ty()?));
                misplaced_assoc_ty_bindings.append(&mut assoc_ty_bindings);
            } else {
                break
            }

            if !self.eat(&token::Comma) {
                break
            }
        }

        // FIXME: we would like to report this in ast_validation instead, but we currently do not
        // preserve ordering of generic parameters with respect to associated type binding, so we
        // lose that information after parsing.
        if misplaced_assoc_ty_bindings.len() > 0 {
            let mut err = self.struct_span_err(
                args_lo.to(self.prev_span),
                "associated type bindings must be declared after generic parameters",
            );
            for span in misplaced_assoc_ty_bindings {
                err.span_label(
                    span,
                    "this associated type binding should be moved after the generic parameters",
                );
            }
            err.emit();
        }

        Ok((args, bindings))
    }

    /// Parses an optional where-clause and places it in `generics`.
    ///
    /// ```ignore (only-for-syntax-highlight)
    /// where T : Trait<U, V> + 'b, 'a : 'b
    /// ```
    fn parse_where_clause(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, WhereClause> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtWhereClause, |x| x);

        let mut where_clause = WhereClause {
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            predicates: Vec::new(),
            span: syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
        };

        if !self.eat_keyword(keywords::Where) {
            return Ok(where_clause);
        }
        let lo = self.prev_span;

        // We are considering adding generics to the `where` keyword as an alternative higher-rank
        // parameter syntax (as in `where<'a>` or `where<T>`. To avoid that being a breaking
        // change we parse those generics now, but report an error.
        if self.choose_generics_over_qpath() {
            let generics = self.parse_generics()?;
            self.struct_span_err(
                generics.span,
                "generic parameters on `where` clauses are reserved for future use",
            )
                .span_label(generics.span, "currently unsupported")
                .emit();
        }

        loop {
            let lo = self.span;
            if self.check_lifetime() && self.look_ahead(1, |t| !t.is_like_plus()) {
                let lifetime = self.expect_lifetime();
                // Bounds starting with a colon are mandatory, but possibly empty.
                self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
                let bounds = self.parse_lt_param_bounds();
                where_clause.predicates.push(ast::WherePredicate::RegionPredicate(
                    ast::WhereRegionPredicate {
                        span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
                        lifetime,
                        bounds,
                    }
                ));
            } else if self.check_type() {
                // Parse optional `for<'a, 'b>`.
                // This `for` is parsed greedily and applies to the whole predicate,
                // the bounded type can have its own `for` applying only to it.
                // Example 1: for<'a> Trait1<'a>: Trait2<'a /*ok*/>
                // Example 2: (for<'a> Trait1<'a>): Trait2<'a /*not ok*/>
                // Example 3: for<'a> for<'b> Trait1<'a, 'b>: Trait2<'a /*ok*/, 'b /*not ok*/>
                let lifetime_defs = self.parse_late_bound_lifetime_defs()?;

                // Parse type with mandatory colon and (possibly empty) bounds,
                // or with mandatory equality sign and the second type.
                let ty = self.parse_ty()?;
                if self.eat(&token::Colon) {
                    let bounds = self.parse_generic_bounds(None)?;
                    where_clause.predicates.push(ast::WherePredicate::BoundPredicate(
                        ast::WhereBoundPredicate {
                            span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
                            bound_generic_params: lifetime_defs,
                            bounded_ty: ty,
                            bounds,
                        }
                    ));
                // FIXME: Decide what should be used here, `=` or `==`.
                // FIXME: We are just dropping the binders in lifetime_defs on the floor here.
                } else if self.eat(&token::Eq) || self.eat(&token::EqEq) {
                    let rhs_ty = self.parse_ty()?;
                    where_clause.predicates.push(ast::WherePredicate::EqPredicate(
                        ast::WhereEqPredicate {
                            span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
                            lhs_ty: ty,
                            rhs_ty,
                            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                        }
                    ));
                } else {
                    return self.unexpected();
                }
            } else {
                break
            }

            if !self.eat(&token::Comma) {
                break
            }
        }

        where_clause.span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
        Ok(where_clause)
    }

    fn parse_fn_args(&mut self, named_args: bool, allow_variadic: bool)
                     -> PResult<'a, (Vec<Arg> , bool)> {
        self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren))?;

        let sp = self.span;
        let mut variadic = false;
        let (args, recovered): (Vec<Option<Arg>>, bool) =
            self.parse_seq_to_before_end(
                &token::CloseDelim(token::Paren),
                SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
                |p| {
                    if p.token == token::DotDotDot {
                        p.bump();
                        variadic = true;
                        if allow_variadic {
                            if p.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Paren) {
                                let span = p.span;
                                p.span_err(span,
                                    "`...` must be last in argument list for variadic function");
                            }
                            Ok(None)
                        } else {
                            let span = p.prev_span;
                            if p.token == token::CloseDelim(token::Paren) {
                                // continue parsing to present any further errors
                                p.struct_span_err(
                                    span,
                                    "only foreign functions are allowed to be variadic"
                                ).emit();
                                Ok(Some(dummy_arg(span)))
                           } else {
                               // this function definition looks beyond recovery, stop parsing
                                p.span_err(span,
                                           "only foreign functions are allowed to be variadic");
                                Ok(None)
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        match p.parse_arg_general(named_args, false) {
                            Ok(arg) => Ok(Some(arg)),
                            Err(mut e) => {
                                e.emit();
                                let lo = p.prev_span;
                                // Skip every token until next possible arg or end.
                                p.eat_to_tokens(&[&token::Comma, &token::CloseDelim(token::Paren)]);
                                // Create a placeholder argument for proper arg count (#34264).
                                let span = lo.to(p.prev_span);
                                Ok(Some(dummy_arg(span)))
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            )?;

        if !recovered {
            self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren));
        }

        let args: Vec<_> = args.into_iter().filter_map(|x| x).collect();

        if variadic && args.is_empty() {
            self.span_err(sp,
                          "variadic function must be declared with at least one named argument");
        }

        Ok((args, variadic))
    }

    /// Parses the argument list and result type of a function declaration.
    fn parse_fn_decl(&mut self, allow_variadic: bool) -> PResult<'a, P<FnDecl>> {

        let (args, variadic) = self.parse_fn_args(true, allow_variadic)?;
        let ret_ty = self.parse_ret_ty(true)?;

        Ok(P(FnDecl {
            inputs: args,
            output: ret_ty,
            variadic,
        }))
    }

    /// Returns the parsed optional self argument and whether a self shortcut was used.
    fn parse_self_arg(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Option<Arg>> {
        let expect_ident = |this: &mut Self| match this.token {
            // Preserve hygienic context.
            token::Ident(ident, _) =>
                { let span = this.span; this.bump(); Ident::new(ident.name, span) }
            _ => unreachable!()
        };
        let isolated_self = |this: &mut Self, n| {
            this.look_ahead(n, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::SelfLower)) &&
            this.look_ahead(n + 1, |t| t != &token::ModSep)
        };

        // Parse optional self parameter of a method.
        // Only a limited set of initial token sequences is considered self parameters, anything
        // else is parsed as a normal function parameter list, so some lookahead is required.
        let eself_lo = self.span;
        let (eself, eself_ident, eself_hi) = match self.token {
            token::BinOp(token::And) => {
                // &self
                // &mut self
                // &'lt self
                // &'lt mut self
                // &not_self
                (if isolated_self(self, 1) {
                    self.bump();
                    SelfKind::Region(None, Mutability::Immutable)
                } else if self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Mut)) &&
                          isolated_self(self, 2) {
                    self.bump();
                    self.bump();
                    SelfKind::Region(None, Mutability::Mutable)
                } else if self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_lifetime()) &&
                          isolated_self(self, 2) {
                    self.bump();
                    let lt = self.expect_lifetime();
                    SelfKind::Region(Some(lt), Mutability::Immutable)
                } else if self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_lifetime()) &&
                          self.look_ahead(2, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Mut)) &&
                          isolated_self(self, 3) {
                    self.bump();
                    let lt = self.expect_lifetime();
                    self.bump();
                    SelfKind::Region(Some(lt), Mutability::Mutable)
                } else {
                    return Ok(None);
                }, expect_ident(self), self.prev_span)
            }
            token::BinOp(token::Star) => {
                // *self
                // *const self
                // *mut self
                // *not_self
                // Emit special error for `self` cases.
                let msg = "cannot pass `self` by raw pointer";
                (if isolated_self(self, 1) {
                    self.bump();
                    self.struct_span_err(self.span, msg)
                        .span_label(self.span, msg)
                        .emit();
                    SelfKind::Value(Mutability::Immutable)
                } else if self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_mutability()) &&
                          isolated_self(self, 2) {
                    self.bump();
                    self.bump();
                    self.struct_span_err(self.span, msg)
                        .span_label(self.span, msg)
                        .emit();
                    SelfKind::Value(Mutability::Immutable)
                } else {
                    return Ok(None);
                }, expect_ident(self), self.prev_span)
            }
            token::Ident(..) => {
                if isolated_self(self, 0) {
                    // self
                    // self: TYPE
                    let eself_ident = expect_ident(self);
                    let eself_hi = self.prev_span;
                    (if self.eat(&token::Colon) {
                        let ty = self.parse_ty()?;
                        SelfKind::Explicit(ty, Mutability::Immutable)
                    } else {
                        SelfKind::Value(Mutability::Immutable)
                    }, eself_ident, eself_hi)
                } else if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Mut) &&
                          isolated_self(self, 1) {
                    // mut self
                    // mut self: TYPE
                    self.bump();
                    let eself_ident = expect_ident(self);
                    let eself_hi = self.prev_span;
                    (if self.eat(&token::Colon) {
                        let ty = self.parse_ty()?;
                        SelfKind::Explicit(ty, Mutability::Mutable)
                    } else {
                        SelfKind::Value(Mutability::Mutable)
                    }, eself_ident, eself_hi)
                } else {
                    return Ok(None);
                }
            }
            _ => return Ok(None),
        };

        let eself = source_map::respan(eself_lo.to(eself_hi), eself);
        Ok(Some(Arg::from_self(eself, eself_ident)))
    }

    /// Parses the parameter list and result type of a function that may have a `self` parameter.
    fn parse_fn_decl_with_self<F>(&mut self, parse_arg_fn: F) -> PResult<'a, P<FnDecl>>
        where F: FnMut(&mut Parser<'a>) -> PResult<'a,  Arg>,
    {
        self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren))?;

        // Parse optional self argument
        let self_arg = self.parse_self_arg()?;

        // Parse the rest of the function parameter list.
        let sep = SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma);
        let (fn_inputs, recovered) = if let Some(self_arg) = self_arg {
            if self.check(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren)) {
                (vec![self_arg], false)
            } else if self.eat(&token::Comma) {
                let mut fn_inputs = vec![self_arg];
                let (mut input, recovered) = self.parse_seq_to_before_end(
                    &token::CloseDelim(token::Paren), sep, parse_arg_fn)?;
                fn_inputs.append(&mut input);
                (fn_inputs, recovered)
            } else {
                return self.unexpected();
            }
        } else {
            self.parse_seq_to_before_end(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren), sep, parse_arg_fn)?
        };

        if !recovered {
            // Parse closing paren and return type.
            self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?;
        }
        Ok(P(FnDecl {
            inputs: fn_inputs,
            output: self.parse_ret_ty(true)?,
            variadic: false
        }))
    }

    /// Parses the `|arg, arg|` header of a closure.
    fn parse_fn_block_decl(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, P<FnDecl>> {
        let inputs_captures = {
            if self.eat(&token::OrOr) {
                Vec::new()
            } else {
                self.expect(&token::BinOp(token::Or))?;
                let args = self.parse_seq_to_before_tokens(
                    &[&token::BinOp(token::Or), &token::OrOr],
                    SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
                    TokenExpectType::NoExpect,
                    |p| p.parse_fn_block_arg()
                )?.0;
                self.expect_or()?;
                args
            }
        };
        let output = self.parse_ret_ty(true)?;

        Ok(P(FnDecl {
            inputs: inputs_captures,
            output,
            variadic: false
        }))
    }

    /// Parses the name and optional generic types of a function header.
    fn parse_fn_header(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (Ident, ast::Generics)> {
        let id = self.parse_ident()?;
        let generics = self.parse_generics()?;
        Ok((id, generics))
    }

    fn mk_item(&mut self, span: Span, ident: Ident, node: ItemKind, vis: Visibility,
               attrs: Vec<Attribute>) -> P<Item> {
        P(Item {
            ident,
            attrs,
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            node,
            vis,
            span,
            tokens: None,
        })
    }

    /// Parses an item-position function declaration.
    fn parse_item_fn(&mut self,
                     unsafety: Unsafety,
                     asyncness: IsAsync,
                     constness: Spanned<Constness>,
                     abi: Abi)
                     -> PResult<'a, ItemInfo> {
        let (ident, mut generics) = self.parse_fn_header()?;
        let decl = self.parse_fn_decl(false)?;
        generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
        let (inner_attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
        let header = FnHeader { unsafety, asyncness, constness, abi };
        Ok((ident, ItemKind::Fn(decl, header, generics, body), Some(inner_attrs)))
    }

    /// Returns `true` if we are looking at `const ID`
    /// (returns `false` for things like `const fn`, etc.).
    fn is_const_item(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Const) &&
            !self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Fn)) &&
            !self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Unsafe))
    }

    /// Parses all the "front matter" for a `fn` declaration, up to
    /// and including the `fn` keyword:
    ///
    /// - `const fn`
    /// - `unsafe fn`
    /// - `const unsafe fn`
    /// - `extern fn`
    /// - etc.
    fn parse_fn_front_matter(&mut self)
        -> PResult<'a, (
            Spanned<Constness>,
            Unsafety,
            IsAsync,
            Abi
        )>
    {
        let is_const_fn = self.eat_keyword(keywords::Const);
        let const_span = self.prev_span;
        let unsafety = self.parse_unsafety();
        let asyncness = self.parse_asyncness();
        let (constness, unsafety, abi) = if is_const_fn {
            (respan(const_span, Constness::Const), unsafety, Abi::Rust)
        } else {
            let abi = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Extern) {
                self.parse_opt_abi()?.unwrap_or(Abi::C)
            } else {
                Abi::Rust
            };
            (respan(self.prev_span, Constness::NotConst), unsafety, abi)
        };
        self.expect_keyword(keywords::Fn)?;
        Ok((constness, unsafety, asyncness, abi))
    }

    /// Parses an impl item.
    pub fn parse_impl_item(&mut self, at_end: &mut bool) -> PResult<'a, ImplItem> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtImplItem, |x| x);
        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        let (mut item, tokens) = self.collect_tokens(|this| {
            this.parse_impl_item_(at_end, attrs)
        })?;

        // See `parse_item` for why this clause is here.
        if !item.attrs.iter().any(|attr| attr.style == AttrStyle::Inner) {
            item.tokens = Some(tokens);
        }
        Ok(item)
    }

    fn parse_impl_item_(&mut self,
                        at_end: &mut bool,
                        mut attrs: Vec<Attribute>) -> PResult<'a, ImplItem> {
        let lo = self.span;
        let vis = self.parse_visibility(false)?;
        let defaultness = self.parse_defaultness();
        let (name, node, generics) = if let Some(type_) = self.eat_type() {
            let (name, alias, generics) = type_?;
            let kind = match alias {
                AliasKind::Weak(typ) => ast::ImplItemKind::Type(typ),
                AliasKind::Existential(bounds) => ast::ImplItemKind::Existential(bounds),
            };
            (name, kind, generics)
        } else if self.is_const_item() {
            // This parses the grammar:
            //     ImplItemConst = "const" Ident ":" Ty "=" Expr ";"
            self.expect_keyword(keywords::Const)?;
            let name = self.parse_ident()?;
            self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
            let typ = self.parse_ty()?;
            self.expect(&token::Eq)?;
            let expr = self.parse_expr()?;
            self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
            (name, ast::ImplItemKind::Const(typ, expr), ast::Generics::default())
        } else {
            let (name, inner_attrs, generics, node) = self.parse_impl_method(&vis, at_end)?;
            attrs.extend(inner_attrs);
            (name, node, generics)
        };

        Ok(ImplItem {
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
            ident: name,
            vis,
            defaultness,
            attrs,
            generics,
            node,
            tokens: None,
        })
    }

    fn complain_if_pub_macro(&mut self, vis: &VisibilityKind, sp: Span) {
        match *vis {
            VisibilityKind::Inherited => {}
            _ => {
                let is_macro_rules: bool = match self.token {
                    token::Ident(sid, _) => sid.name == Symbol::intern("macro_rules"),
                    _ => false,
                };
                let mut err = if is_macro_rules {
                    let mut err = self.diagnostic()
                        .struct_span_err(sp, "can't qualify macro_rules invocation with `pub`");
                    err.span_suggestion(
                        sp,
                        "try exporting the macro",
                        "#[macro_export]".to_owned(),
                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect // speculative
                    );
                    err
                } else {
                    let mut err = self.diagnostic()
                        .struct_span_err(sp, "can't qualify macro invocation with `pub`");
                    err.help("try adjusting the macro to put `pub` inside the invocation");
                    err
                };
                err.emit();
            }
        }
    }

    fn missing_assoc_item_kind_err(&mut self, item_type: &str, prev_span: Span)
                                   -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a>
    {
        let expected_kinds = if item_type == "extern" {
            "missing `fn`, `type`, or `static`"
        } else {
            "missing `fn`, `type`, or `const`"
        };

        // Given this code `path(`, it seems like this is not
        // setting the visibility of a macro invocation, but rather
        // a mistyped method declaration.
        // Create a diagnostic pointing out that `fn` is missing.
        //
        // x |     pub path(&self) {
        //   |        ^ missing `fn`, `type`, or `const`
        //     pub  path(
        //        ^^ `sp` below will point to this
        let sp = prev_span.between(self.prev_span);
        let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(
            sp,
            &format!("{} for {}-item declaration",
                     expected_kinds, item_type));
        err.span_label(sp, expected_kinds);
        err
    }

    /// Parse a method or a macro invocation in a trait impl.
    fn parse_impl_method(&mut self, vis: &Visibility, at_end: &mut bool)
                         -> PResult<'a, (Ident, Vec<Attribute>, ast::Generics,
                             ast::ImplItemKind)> {
        // code copied from parse_macro_use_or_failure... abstraction!
        if let Some(mac) = self.parse_assoc_macro_invoc("impl", Some(vis), at_end)? {
            // method macro
            Ok((keywords::Invalid.ident(), vec![], ast::Generics::default(),
                ast::ImplItemKind::Macro(mac)))
        } else {
            let (constness, unsafety, asyncness, abi) = self.parse_fn_front_matter()?;
            let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
            let mut generics = self.parse_generics()?;
            let decl = self.parse_fn_decl_with_self(|p| p.parse_arg())?;
            generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
            *at_end = true;
            let (inner_attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
            let header = ast::FnHeader { abi, unsafety, constness, asyncness };
            Ok((ident, inner_attrs, generics, ast::ImplItemKind::Method(
                ast::MethodSig { header, decl },
                body
            )))
        }
    }

    /// Parses `trait Foo { ... }` or `trait Foo = Bar;`.
    fn parse_item_trait(&mut self, is_auto: IsAuto, unsafety: Unsafety) -> PResult<'a, ItemInfo> {
        let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
        let mut tps = self.parse_generics()?;

        // Parse optional colon and supertrait bounds.
        let bounds = if self.eat(&token::Colon) {
            self.parse_generic_bounds(Some(self.prev_span))?
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };

        if self.eat(&token::Eq) {
            // it's a trait alias
            let bounds = self.parse_generic_bounds(None)?;
            tps.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
            self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
            if is_auto == IsAuto::Yes {
                let msg = "trait aliases cannot be `auto`";
                self.struct_span_err(self.prev_span, msg)
                    .span_label(self.prev_span, msg)
                    .emit();
            }
            if unsafety != Unsafety::Normal {
                let msg = "trait aliases cannot be `unsafe`";
                self.struct_span_err(self.prev_span, msg)
                    .span_label(self.prev_span, msg)
                    .emit();
            }
            Ok((ident, ItemKind::TraitAlias(tps, bounds), None))
        } else {
            // it's a normal trait
            tps.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
            self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))?;
            let mut trait_items = vec![];
            while !self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(token::Brace)) {
                let mut at_end = false;
                match self.parse_trait_item(&mut at_end) {
                    Ok(item) => trait_items.push(item),
                    Err(mut e) => {
                        e.emit();
                        if !at_end {
                            self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Break, BlockMode::Break);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            Ok((ident, ItemKind::Trait(is_auto, unsafety, tps, bounds, trait_items), None))
        }
    }

    fn choose_generics_over_qpath(&self) -> bool {
        // There's an ambiguity between generic parameters and qualified paths in impls.
        // If we see `<` it may start both, so we have to inspect some following tokens.
        // The following combinations can only start generics,
        // but not qualified paths (with one exception):
        //     `<` `>` - empty generic parameters
        //     `<` `#` - generic parameters with attributes
        //     `<` (LIFETIME|IDENT) `>` - single generic parameter
        //     `<` (LIFETIME|IDENT) `,` - first generic parameter in a list
        //     `<` (LIFETIME|IDENT) `:` - generic parameter with bounds
        //     `<` (LIFETIME|IDENT) `=` - generic parameter with a default
        //     `<` const                - generic const parameter
        // The only truly ambiguous case is
        //     `<` IDENT `>` `::` IDENT ...
        // we disambiguate it in favor of generics (`impl<T> ::absolute::Path<T> { ... }`)
        // because this is what almost always expected in practice, qualified paths in impls
        // (`impl <Type>::AssocTy { ... }`) aren't even allowed by type checker at the moment.
        self.token == token::Lt &&
            (self.look_ahead(1, |t| t == &token::Pound || t == &token::Gt) ||
             self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_lifetime() || t.is_ident()) &&
                self.look_ahead(2, |t| t == &token::Gt || t == &token::Comma ||
                                       t == &token::Colon || t == &token::Eq) ||
             self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Const)))
    }

    fn parse_impl_body(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (Vec<ImplItem>, Vec<Attribute>)> {
        self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))?;
        let attrs = self.parse_inner_attributes()?;

        let mut impl_items = Vec::new();
        while !self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(token::Brace)) {
            let mut at_end = false;
            match self.parse_impl_item(&mut at_end) {
                Ok(impl_item) => impl_items.push(impl_item),
                Err(mut err) => {
                    err.emit();
                    if !at_end {
                        self.recover_stmt_(SemiColonMode::Break, BlockMode::Break);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Ok((impl_items, attrs))
    }

    /// Parses an implementation item, `impl` keyword is already parsed.
    ///
    ///    impl<'a, T> TYPE { /* impl items */ }
    ///    impl<'a, T> TRAIT for TYPE { /* impl items */ }
    ///    impl<'a, T> !TRAIT for TYPE { /* impl items */ }
    ///
    /// We actually parse slightly more relaxed grammar for better error reporting and recovery.
    ///     `impl` GENERICS `!`? TYPE `for`? (TYPE | `..`) (`where` PREDICATES)? `{` BODY `}`
    ///     `impl` GENERICS `!`? TYPE (`where` PREDICATES)? `{` BODY `}`
    fn parse_item_impl(&mut self, unsafety: Unsafety, defaultness: Defaultness)
                       -> PResult<'a, ItemInfo> {
        // First, parse generic parameters if necessary.
        let mut generics = if self.choose_generics_over_qpath() {
            self.parse_generics()?
        } else {
            ast::Generics::default()
        };

        // Disambiguate `impl !Trait for Type { ... }` and `impl ! { ... }` for the never type.
        let polarity = if self.check(&token::Not) && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.can_begin_type()) {
            self.bump(); // `!`
            ast::ImplPolarity::Negative
        } else {
            ast::ImplPolarity::Positive
        };

        // Parse both types and traits as a type, then reinterpret if necessary.
        let ty_first = self.parse_ty()?;

        // If `for` is missing we try to recover.
        let has_for = self.eat_keyword(keywords::For);
        let missing_for_span = self.prev_span.between(self.span);

        let ty_second = if self.token == token::DotDot {
            // We need to report this error after `cfg` expansion for compatibility reasons
            self.bump(); // `..`, do not add it to expected tokens
            Some(P(Ty { node: TyKind::Err, span: self.prev_span, id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID }))
        } else if has_for || self.token.can_begin_type() {
            Some(self.parse_ty()?)
        } else {
            None
        };

        generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;

        let (impl_items, attrs) = self.parse_impl_body()?;

        let item_kind = match ty_second {
            Some(ty_second) => {
                // impl Trait for Type
                if !has_for {
                    self.struct_span_err(missing_for_span, "missing `for` in a trait impl")
                        .span_suggestion_short(
                            missing_for_span,
                            "add `for` here",
                            " for ".to_string(),
                            Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                        ).emit();
                }

                let ty_first = ty_first.into_inner();
                let path = match ty_first.node {
                    // This notably includes paths passed through `ty` macro fragments (#46438).
                    TyKind::Path(None, path) => path,
                    _ => {
                        self.span_err(ty_first.span, "expected a trait, found type");
                        ast::Path::from_ident(Ident::new(keywords::Invalid.name(), ty_first.span))
                    }
                };
                let trait_ref = TraitRef { path, ref_id: ty_first.id };

                ItemKind::Impl(unsafety, polarity, defaultness,
                               generics, Some(trait_ref), ty_second, impl_items)
            }
            None => {
                // impl Type
                ItemKind::Impl(unsafety, polarity, defaultness,
                               generics, None, ty_first, impl_items)
            }
        };

        Ok((keywords::Invalid.ident(), item_kind, Some(attrs)))
    }

    fn parse_late_bound_lifetime_defs(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Vec<GenericParam>> {
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::For) {
            self.expect_lt()?;
            let params = self.parse_generic_params()?;
            self.expect_gt()?;
            // We rely on AST validation to rule out invalid cases: There must not be type
            // parameters, and the lifetime parameters must not have bounds.
            Ok(params)
        } else {
            Ok(Vec::new())
        }
    }

    /// Parses `struct Foo { ... }`.
    fn parse_item_struct(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ItemInfo> {
        let class_name = self.parse_ident()?;

        let mut generics = self.parse_generics()?;

        // There is a special case worth noting here, as reported in issue #17904.
        // If we are parsing a tuple struct it is the case that the where clause
        // should follow the field list. Like so:
        //
        // struct Foo<T>(T) where T: Copy;
        //
        // If we are parsing a normal record-style struct it is the case
        // that the where clause comes before the body, and after the generics.
        // So if we look ahead and see a brace or a where-clause we begin
        // parsing a record style struct.
        //
        // Otherwise if we look ahead and see a paren we parse a tuple-style
        // struct.

        let vdata = if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Where) {
            generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
            if self.eat(&token::Semi) {
                // If we see a: `struct Foo<T> where T: Copy;` style decl.
                VariantData::Unit(ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID)
            } else {
                // If we see: `struct Foo<T> where T: Copy { ... }`
                VariantData::Struct(self.parse_record_struct_body()?, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID)
            }
        // No `where` so: `struct Foo<T>;`
        } else if self.eat(&token::Semi) {
            VariantData::Unit(ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID)
        // Record-style struct definition
        } else if self.token == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) {
            VariantData::Struct(self.parse_record_struct_body()?, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID)
        // Tuple-style struct definition with optional where-clause.
        } else if self.token == token::OpenDelim(token::Paren) {
            let body = VariantData::Tuple(self.parse_tuple_struct_body()?, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID);
            generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
            self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
            body
        } else {
            let token_str = self.this_token_descr();
            let mut err = self.fatal(&format!(
                "expected `where`, `{{`, `(`, or `;` after struct name, found {}",
                token_str
            ));
            err.span_label(self.span, "expected `where`, `{`, `(`, or `;` after struct name");
            return Err(err);
        };

        Ok((class_name, ItemKind::Struct(vdata, generics), None))
    }

    /// Parses `union Foo { ... }`.
    fn parse_item_union(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ItemInfo> {
        let class_name = self.parse_ident()?;

        let mut generics = self.parse_generics()?;

        let vdata = if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Where) {
            generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
            VariantData::Struct(self.parse_record_struct_body()?, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID)
        } else if self.token == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) {
            VariantData::Struct(self.parse_record_struct_body()?, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID)
        } else {
            let token_str = self.this_token_descr();
            let mut err = self.fatal(&format!(
                "expected `where` or `{{` after union name, found {}", token_str));
            err.span_label(self.span, "expected `where` or `{` after union name");
            return Err(err);
        };

        Ok((class_name, ItemKind::Union(vdata, generics), None))
    }

    fn consume_block(&mut self, delim: token::DelimToken) {
        let mut brace_depth = 0;
        loop {
            if self.eat(&token::OpenDelim(delim)) {
                brace_depth += 1;
            } else if self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(delim)) {
                if brace_depth == 0 {
                    return;
                } else {
                    brace_depth -= 1;
                    continue;
                }
            } else if self.token == token::Eof || self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(token::NoDelim)) {
                return;
            } else {
                self.bump();
            }
        }
    }

    fn parse_record_struct_body(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Vec<StructField>> {
        let mut fields = Vec::new();
        if self.eat(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
            while self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
                let field = self.parse_struct_decl_field().map_err(|e| {
                    self.recover_stmt();
                    e
                });
                match field {
                    Ok(field) => fields.push(field),
                    Err(mut err) => {
                        err.emit();
                    }
                }
            }
            self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(token::Brace));
        } else {
            let token_str = self.this_token_descr();
            let mut err = self.fatal(&format!(
                    "expected `where`, or `{{` after struct name, found {}", token_str));
            err.span_label(self.span, "expected `where`, or `{` after struct name");
            return Err(err);
        }

        Ok(fields)
    }

    fn parse_tuple_struct_body(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Vec<StructField>> {
        // This is the case where we find `struct Foo<T>(T) where T: Copy;`
        // Unit like structs are handled in parse_item_struct function
        let fields = self.parse_unspanned_seq(
            &token::OpenDelim(token::Paren),
            &token::CloseDelim(token::Paren),
            SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma),
            |p| {
                let attrs = p.parse_outer_attributes()?;
                let lo = p.span;
                let vis = p.parse_visibility(true)?;
                let ty = p.parse_ty()?;
                Ok(StructField {
                    span: lo.to(ty.span),
                    vis,
                    ident: None,
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    ty,
                    attrs,
                })
            })?;

        Ok(fields)
    }

    /// Parses a structure field declaration.
    fn parse_single_struct_field(&mut self,
                                     lo: Span,
                                     vis: Visibility,
                                     attrs: Vec<Attribute> )
                                     -> PResult<'a, StructField> {
        let mut seen_comma: bool = false;
        let a_var = self.parse_name_and_ty(lo, vis, attrs)?;
        if self.token == token::Comma {
            seen_comma = true;
        }
        match self.token {
            token::Comma => {
                self.bump();
            }
            token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) => {}
            token::DocComment(_) => {
                let previous_span = self.prev_span;
                let mut err = self.span_fatal_err(self.span, Error::UselessDocComment);
                self.bump(); // consume the doc comment
                let comma_after_doc_seen = self.eat(&token::Comma);
                // `seen_comma` is always false, because we are inside doc block
                // condition is here to make code more readable
                if seen_comma == false && comma_after_doc_seen == true {
                    seen_comma = true;
                }
                if comma_after_doc_seen || self.token == token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
                    err.emit();
                } else {
                    if seen_comma == false {
                        let sp = self.sess.source_map().next_point(previous_span);
                        err.span_suggestion(
                            sp,
                            "missing comma here",
                            ",".into(),
                            Applicability::MachineApplicable
                        );
                    }
                    return Err(err);
                }
            }
            _ => {
                let sp = self.sess.source_map().next_point(self.prev_span);
                let mut err = self.struct_span_err(sp, &format!("expected `,`, or `}}`, found {}",
                                                                self.this_token_descr()));
                if self.token.is_ident() {
                    // This is likely another field; emit the diagnostic and keep going
                    err.span_suggestion(
                        sp,
                        "try adding a comma",
                        ",".into(),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                    );
                    err.emit();
                } else {
                    return Err(err)
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(a_var)
    }

    /// Parses an element of a struct declaration.
    fn parse_struct_decl_field(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, StructField> {
        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        let lo = self.span;
        let vis = self.parse_visibility(false)?;
        self.parse_single_struct_field(lo, vis, attrs)
    }

    /// Parses `pub`, `pub(crate)` and `pub(in path)` plus shortcuts `crate` for `pub(crate)`,
    /// `pub(self)` for `pub(in self)` and `pub(super)` for `pub(in super)`.
    /// If the following element can't be a tuple (i.e., it's a function definition), then
    /// it's not a tuple struct field), and the contents within the parentheses isn't valid,
    /// so emit a proper diagnostic.
    pub fn parse_visibility(&mut self, can_take_tuple: bool) -> PResult<'a, Visibility> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtVis, |x| x);

        self.expected_tokens.push(TokenType::Keyword(keywords::Crate));
        if self.is_crate_vis() {
            self.bump(); // `crate`
            return Ok(respan(self.prev_span, VisibilityKind::Crate(CrateSugar::JustCrate)));
        }

        if !self.eat_keyword(keywords::Pub) {
            // We need a span for our `Spanned<VisibilityKind>`, but there's inherently no
            // keyword to grab a span from for inherited visibility; an empty span at the
            // beginning of the current token would seem to be the "Schelling span".
            return Ok(respan(self.span.shrink_to_lo(), VisibilityKind::Inherited))
        }
        let lo = self.prev_span;

        if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren)) {
            // We don't `self.bump()` the `(` yet because this might be a struct definition where
            // `()` or a tuple might be allowed. For example, `struct Struct(pub (), pub (usize));`.
            // Because of this, we only `bump` the `(` if we're assured it is appropriate to do so
            // by the following tokens.
            if self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Crate)) {
                // `pub(crate)`
                self.bump(); // `(`
                self.bump(); // `crate`
                self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?; // `)`
                let vis = respan(
                    lo.to(self.prev_span),
                    VisibilityKind::Crate(CrateSugar::PubCrate),
                );
                return Ok(vis)
            } else if self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::In)) {
                // `pub(in path)`
                self.bump(); // `(`
                self.bump(); // `in`
                let path = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Mod)?; // `path`
                self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?; // `)`
                let vis = respan(lo.to(self.prev_span), VisibilityKind::Restricted {
                    path: P(path),
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                });
                return Ok(vis)
            } else if self.look_ahead(2, |t| t == &token::CloseDelim(token::Paren)) &&
                      self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Super) ||
                                             t.is_keyword(keywords::SelfLower))
            {
                // `pub(self)` or `pub(super)`
                self.bump(); // `(`
                let path = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Mod)?; // `super`/`self`
                self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?; // `)`
                let vis = respan(lo.to(self.prev_span), VisibilityKind::Restricted {
                    path: P(path),
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                });
                return Ok(vis)
            } else if !can_take_tuple {  // Provide this diagnostic if this is not a tuple struct
                // `pub(something) fn ...` or `struct X { pub(something) y: Z }`
                self.bump(); // `(`
                let msg = "incorrect visibility restriction";
                let suggestion = r##"some possible visibility restrictions are:
`pub(crate)`: visible only on the current crate
`pub(super)`: visible only in the current module's parent
`pub(in path::to::module)`: visible only on the specified path"##;
                let path = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Mod)?;
                let sp = self.prev_span;
                let help_msg = format!("make this visible only to module `{}` with `in`", path);
                self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Paren))?;  // `)`
                let mut err = struct_span_err!(self.sess.span_diagnostic, sp, E0704, "{}", msg);
                err.help(suggestion);
                err.span_suggestion(
                    sp, &help_msg, format!("in {}", path), Applicability::MachineApplicable
                );
                err.emit();  // emit diagnostic, but continue with public visibility
            }
        }

        Ok(respan(lo, VisibilityKind::Public))
    }

    /// Parses defaultness (i.e., `default` or nothing).
    fn parse_defaultness(&mut self) -> Defaultness {
        // `pub` is included for better error messages
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Default) &&
           self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Impl) ||
                                  t.is_keyword(keywords::Const) ||
                                  t.is_keyword(keywords::Fn) ||
                                  t.is_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) ||
                                  t.is_keyword(keywords::Extern) ||
                                  t.is_keyword(keywords::Type) ||
                                  t.is_keyword(keywords::Pub)) {
            self.bump(); // `default`
            Defaultness::Default
        } else {
            Defaultness::Final
        }
    }

    fn maybe_consume_incorrect_semicolon(&mut self, items: &[P<Item>]) -> bool {
        if self.eat(&token::Semi) {
            let mut err = self.struct_span_err(self.prev_span, "expected item, found `;`");
            err.span_suggestion_short(
                self.prev_span,
                "remove this semicolon",
                String::new(),
                Applicability::MachineApplicable,
            );
            if !items.is_empty() {
                let previous_item = &items[items.len()-1];
                let previous_item_kind_name = match previous_item.node {
                    // say "braced struct" because tuple-structs and
                    // braceless-empty-struct declarations do take a semicolon
                    ItemKind::Struct(..) => Some("braced struct"),
                    ItemKind::Enum(..) => Some("enum"),
                    ItemKind::Trait(..) => Some("trait"),
                    ItemKind::Union(..) => Some("union"),
                    _ => None,
                };
                if let Some(name) = previous_item_kind_name {
                    err.help(&format!("{} declarations are not followed by a semicolon", name));
                }
            }
            err.emit();
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// Given a termination token, parses all of the items in a module.
    fn parse_mod_items(&mut self, term: &token::Token, inner_lo: Span) -> PResult<'a, Mod> {
        let mut items = vec![];
        while let Some(item) = self.parse_item()? {
            items.push(item);
            self.maybe_consume_incorrect_semicolon(&items);
        }

        if !self.eat(term) {
            let token_str = self.this_token_descr();
            if !self.maybe_consume_incorrect_semicolon(&items) {
                let mut err = self.fatal(&format!("expected item, found {}", token_str));
                err.span_label(self.span, "expected item");
                return Err(err);
            }
        }

        let hi = if self.span.is_dummy() {
            inner_lo
        } else {
            self.prev_span
        };

        Ok(ast::Mod {
            inner: inner_lo.to(hi),
            items,
            inline: true
        })
    }

    fn parse_item_const(&mut self, m: Option<Mutability>) -> PResult<'a, ItemInfo> {
        let id = if m.is_none() { self.parse_ident_or_underscore() } else { self.parse_ident() }?;
        self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
        let ty = self.parse_ty()?;
        self.expect(&token::Eq)?;
        let e = self.parse_expr()?;
        self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
        let item = match m {
            Some(m) => ItemKind::Static(ty, m, e),
            None => ItemKind::Const(ty, e),
        };
        Ok((id, item, None))
    }

    /// Parse a `mod <foo> { ... }` or `mod <foo>;` item
    fn parse_item_mod(&mut self, outer_attrs: &[Attribute]) -> PResult<'a, ItemInfo> {
        let (in_cfg, outer_attrs) = {
            let mut strip_unconfigured = crate::config::StripUnconfigured {
                sess: self.sess,
                features: None, // don't perform gated feature checking
            };
            let mut outer_attrs = outer_attrs.to_owned();
            strip_unconfigured.process_cfg_attrs(&mut outer_attrs);
            (!self.cfg_mods || strip_unconfigured.in_cfg(&outer_attrs), outer_attrs)
        };

        let id_span = self.span;
        let id = self.parse_ident()?;
        if self.eat(&token::Semi) {
            if in_cfg && self.recurse_into_file_modules {
                // This mod is in an external file. Let's go get it!
                let ModulePathSuccess { path, directory_ownership, warn } =
                    self.submod_path(id, &outer_attrs, id_span)?;
                let (module, mut attrs) =
                    self.eval_src_mod(path, directory_ownership, id.to_string(), id_span)?;
                // Record that we fetched the mod from an external file
                if warn {
                    let attr = Attribute {
                        id: attr::mk_attr_id(),
                        style: ast::AttrStyle::Outer,
                        path: ast::Path::from_ident(Ident::from_str("warn_directory_ownership")),
                        tokens: TokenStream::empty(),
                        is_sugared_doc: false,
                        span: syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
                    };
                    attr::mark_known(&attr);
                    attrs.push(attr);
                }
                Ok((id, ItemKind::Mod(module), Some(attrs)))
            } else {
                let placeholder = ast::Mod {
                    inner: syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
                    items: Vec::new(),
                    inline: false
                };
                Ok((id, ItemKind::Mod(placeholder), None))
            }
        } else {
            let old_directory = self.directory.clone();
            self.push_directory(id, &outer_attrs);

            self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))?;
            let mod_inner_lo = self.span;
            let attrs = self.parse_inner_attributes()?;
            let module = self.parse_mod_items(&token::CloseDelim(token::Brace), mod_inner_lo)?;

            self.directory = old_directory;
            Ok((id, ItemKind::Mod(module), Some(attrs)))
        }
    }

    fn push_directory(&mut self, id: Ident, attrs: &[Attribute]) {
        if let Some(path) = attr::first_attr_value_str_by_name(attrs, "path") {
            self.directory.path.to_mut().push(&path.as_str());
            self.directory.ownership = DirectoryOwnership::Owned { relative: None };
        } else {
            // We have to push on the current module name in the case of relative
            // paths in order to ensure that any additional module paths from inline
            // `mod x { ... }` come after the relative extension.
            //
            // For example, a `mod z { ... }` inside `x/y.rs` should set the current
            // directory path to `/x/y/z`, not `/x/z` with a relative offset of `y`.
            if let DirectoryOwnership::Owned { relative } = &mut self.directory.ownership {
                if let Some(ident) = relative.take() { // remove the relative offset
                    self.directory.path.to_mut().push(ident.as_str());
                }
            }
            self.directory.path.to_mut().push(&id.as_str());
        }
    }

    pub fn submod_path_from_attr(attrs: &[Attribute], dir_path: &Path) -> Option<PathBuf> {
        if let Some(s) = attr::first_attr_value_str_by_name(attrs, "path") {
            let s = s.as_str();

            // On windows, the base path might have the form
            // `\\?\foo\bar` in which case it does not tolerate
            // mixed `/` and `\` separators, so canonicalize
            // `/` to `\`.
            #[cfg(windows)]
            let s = s.replace("/", "\\");
            Some(dir_path.join(s))
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Returns a path to a module.
    pub fn default_submod_path(
        id: ast::Ident,
        relative: Option<ast::Ident>,
        dir_path: &Path,
        source_map: &SourceMap) -> ModulePath
    {
        // If we're in a foo.rs file instead of a mod.rs file,
        // we need to look for submodules in
        // `./foo/<id>.rs` and `./foo/<id>/mod.rs` rather than
        // `./<id>.rs` and `./<id>/mod.rs`.
        let relative_prefix_string;
        let relative_prefix = if let Some(ident) = relative {
            relative_prefix_string = format!("{}{}", ident.as_str(), path::MAIN_SEPARATOR);
            &relative_prefix_string
        } else {
            ""
        };

        let mod_name = id.to_string();
        let default_path_str = format!("{}{}.rs", relative_prefix, mod_name);
        let secondary_path_str = format!("{}{}{}mod.rs",
                                         relative_prefix, mod_name, path::MAIN_SEPARATOR);
        let default_path = dir_path.join(&default_path_str);
        let secondary_path = dir_path.join(&secondary_path_str);
        let default_exists = source_map.file_exists(&default_path);
        let secondary_exists = source_map.file_exists(&secondary_path);

        let result = match (default_exists, secondary_exists) {
            (true, false) => Ok(ModulePathSuccess {
                path: default_path,
                directory_ownership: DirectoryOwnership::Owned {
                    relative: Some(id),
                },
                warn: false,
            }),
            (false, true) => Ok(ModulePathSuccess {
                path: secondary_path,
                directory_ownership: DirectoryOwnership::Owned {
                    relative: None,
                },
                warn: false,
            }),
            (false, false) => Err(Error::FileNotFoundForModule {
                mod_name: mod_name.clone(),
                default_path: default_path_str,
                secondary_path: secondary_path_str,
                dir_path: dir_path.display().to_string(),
            }),
            (true, true) => Err(Error::DuplicatePaths {
                mod_name: mod_name.clone(),
                default_path: default_path_str,
                secondary_path: secondary_path_str,
            }),
        };

        ModulePath {
            name: mod_name,
            path_exists: default_exists || secondary_exists,
            result,
        }
    }

    fn submod_path(&mut self,
                   id: ast::Ident,
                   outer_attrs: &[Attribute],
                   id_sp: Span)
                   -> PResult<'a, ModulePathSuccess> {
        if let Some(path) = Parser::submod_path_from_attr(outer_attrs, &self.directory.path) {
            return Ok(ModulePathSuccess {
                directory_ownership: match path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) {
                    // All `#[path]` files are treated as though they are a `mod.rs` file.
                    // This means that `mod foo;` declarations inside `#[path]`-included
                    // files are siblings,
                    //
                    // Note that this will produce weirdness when a file named `foo.rs` is
                    // `#[path]` included and contains a `mod foo;` declaration.
                    // If you encounter this, it's your own darn fault :P
                    Some(_) => DirectoryOwnership::Owned { relative: None },
                    _ => DirectoryOwnership::UnownedViaMod(true),
                },
                path,
                warn: false,
            });
        }

        let relative = match self.directory.ownership {
            DirectoryOwnership::Owned { relative } => relative,
            DirectoryOwnership::UnownedViaBlock |
            DirectoryOwnership::UnownedViaMod(_) => None,
        };
        let paths = Parser::default_submod_path(
                        id, relative, &self.directory.path, self.sess.source_map());

        match self.directory.ownership {
            DirectoryOwnership::Owned { .. } => {
                paths.result.map_err(|err| self.span_fatal_err(id_sp, err))
            },
            DirectoryOwnership::UnownedViaBlock => {
                let msg =
                    "Cannot declare a non-inline module inside a block \
                    unless it has a path attribute";
                let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(id_sp, msg);
                if paths.path_exists {
                    let msg = format!("Maybe `use` the module `{}` instead of redeclaring it",
                                      paths.name);
                    err.span_note(id_sp, &msg);
                }
                Err(err)
            }
            DirectoryOwnership::UnownedViaMod(warn) => {
                if warn {
                    if let Ok(result) = paths.result {
                        return Ok(ModulePathSuccess { warn: true, ..result });
                    }
                }
                let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(id_sp,
                    "cannot declare a new module at this location");
                if !id_sp.is_dummy() {
                    let src_path = self.sess.source_map().span_to_filename(id_sp);
                    if let FileName::Real(src_path) = src_path {
                        if let Some(stem) = src_path.file_stem() {
                            let mut dest_path = src_path.clone();
                            dest_path.set_file_name(stem);
                            dest_path.push("mod.rs");
                            err.span_note(id_sp,
                                    &format!("maybe move this module `{}` to its own \
                                                directory via `{}`", src_path.display(),
                                            dest_path.display()));
                        }
                    }
                }
                if paths.path_exists {
                    err.span_note(id_sp,
                                  &format!("... or maybe `use` the module `{}` instead \
                                            of possibly redeclaring it",
                                           paths.name));
                }
                Err(err)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Reads a module from a source file.
    fn eval_src_mod(&mut self,
                    path: PathBuf,
                    directory_ownership: DirectoryOwnership,
                    name: String,
                    id_sp: Span)
                    -> PResult<'a, (ast::Mod, Vec<Attribute> )> {
        let mut included_mod_stack = self.sess.included_mod_stack.borrow_mut();
        if let Some(i) = included_mod_stack.iter().position(|p| *p == path) {
            let mut err = String::from("circular modules: ");
            let len = included_mod_stack.len();
            for p in &included_mod_stack[i.. len] {
                err.push_str(&p.to_string_lossy());
                err.push_str(" -> ");
            }
            err.push_str(&path.to_string_lossy());
            return Err(self.span_fatal(id_sp, &err[..]));
        }
        included_mod_stack.push(path.clone());
        drop(included_mod_stack);

        let mut p0 =
            new_sub_parser_from_file(self.sess, &path, directory_ownership, Some(name), id_sp);
        p0.cfg_mods = self.cfg_mods;
        let mod_inner_lo = p0.span;
        let mod_attrs = p0.parse_inner_attributes()?;
        let mut m0 = p0.parse_mod_items(&token::Eof, mod_inner_lo)?;
        m0.inline = false;
        self.sess.included_mod_stack.borrow_mut().pop();
        Ok((m0, mod_attrs))
    }

    /// Parses a function declaration from a foreign module.
    fn parse_item_foreign_fn(&mut self, vis: ast::Visibility, lo: Span, attrs: Vec<Attribute>)
                             -> PResult<'a, ForeignItem> {
        self.expect_keyword(keywords::Fn)?;

        let (ident, mut generics) = self.parse_fn_header()?;
        let decl = self.parse_fn_decl(true)?;
        generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
        let hi = self.span;
        self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
        Ok(ast::ForeignItem {
            ident,
            attrs,
            node: ForeignItemKind::Fn(decl, generics),
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            span: lo.to(hi),
            vis,
        })
    }

    /// Parses a static item from a foreign module.
    /// Assumes that the `static` keyword is already parsed.
    fn parse_item_foreign_static(&mut self, vis: ast::Visibility, lo: Span, attrs: Vec<Attribute>)
                                 -> PResult<'a, ForeignItem> {
        let mutbl = self.eat_keyword(keywords::Mut);
        let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
        self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
        let ty = self.parse_ty()?;
        let hi = self.span;
        self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
        Ok(ForeignItem {
            ident,
            attrs,
            node: ForeignItemKind::Static(ty, mutbl),
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            span: lo.to(hi),
            vis,
        })
    }

    /// Parses a type from a foreign module.
    fn parse_item_foreign_type(&mut self, vis: ast::Visibility, lo: Span, attrs: Vec<Attribute>)
                             -> PResult<'a, ForeignItem> {
        self.expect_keyword(keywords::Type)?;

        let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
        let hi = self.span;
        self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
        Ok(ast::ForeignItem {
            ident: ident,
            attrs: attrs,
            node: ForeignItemKind::Ty,
            id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
            span: lo.to(hi),
            vis: vis
        })
    }

    fn parse_crate_name_with_dashes(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ast::Ident> {
        let error_msg = "crate name using dashes are not valid in `extern crate` statements";
        let suggestion_msg = "if the original crate name uses dashes you need to use underscores \
                              in the code";
        let mut ident = if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::SelfLower) {
            self.parse_path_segment_ident()
        } else {
            self.parse_ident()
        }?;
        let mut idents = vec![];
        let mut replacement = vec![];
        let mut fixed_crate_name = false;
        // Accept `extern crate name-like-this` for better diagnostics
        let dash = token::Token::BinOp(token::BinOpToken::Minus);
        if self.token == dash {  // Do not include `-` as part of the expected tokens list
            while self.eat(&dash) {
                fixed_crate_name = true;
                replacement.push((self.prev_span, "_".to_string()));
                idents.push(self.parse_ident()?);
            }
        }
        if fixed_crate_name {
            let fixed_name_sp = ident.span.to(idents.last().unwrap().span);
            let mut fixed_name = format!("{}", ident.name);
            for part in idents {
                fixed_name.push_str(&format!("_{}", part.name));
            }
            ident = Ident::from_str(&fixed_name).with_span_pos(fixed_name_sp);

            let mut err = self.struct_span_err(fixed_name_sp, error_msg);
            err.span_label(fixed_name_sp, "dash-separated idents are not valid");
            err.multipart_suggestion(
                suggestion_msg,
                replacement,
                Applicability::MachineApplicable,
            );
            err.emit();
        }
        Ok(ident)
    }

    /// Parses `extern crate` links.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// extern crate foo;
    /// extern crate bar as foo;
    /// ```
    fn parse_item_extern_crate(&mut self,
                               lo: Span,
                               visibility: Visibility,
                               attrs: Vec<Attribute>)
                               -> PResult<'a, P<Item>> {
        // Accept `extern crate name-like-this` for better diagnostics
        let orig_name = self.parse_crate_name_with_dashes()?;
        let (item_name, orig_name) = if let Some(rename) = self.parse_rename()? {
            (rename, Some(orig_name.name))
        } else {
            (orig_name, None)
        };
        self.expect(&token::Semi)?;

        let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
        Ok(self.mk_item(span, item_name, ItemKind::ExternCrate(orig_name), visibility, attrs))
    }

    /// Parses `extern` for foreign ABIs modules.
    ///
    /// `extern` is expected to have been
    /// consumed before calling this method.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```ignore (only-for-syntax-highlight)
    /// extern "C" {}
    /// extern {}
    /// ```
    fn parse_item_foreign_mod(&mut self,
                              lo: Span,
                              opt_abi: Option<Abi>,
                              visibility: Visibility,
                              mut attrs: Vec<Attribute>)
                              -> PResult<'a, P<Item>> {
        self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))?;

        let abi = opt_abi.unwrap_or(Abi::C);

        attrs.extend(self.parse_inner_attributes()?);

        let mut foreign_items = vec![];
        while !self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(token::Brace)) {
            foreign_items.push(self.parse_foreign_item()?);
        }

        let prev_span = self.prev_span;
        let m = ast::ForeignMod {
            abi,
            items: foreign_items
        };
        let invalid = keywords::Invalid.ident();
        Ok(self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span), invalid, ItemKind::ForeignMod(m), visibility, attrs))
    }

    /// Parses `type Foo = Bar;`
    /// or
    /// `existential type Foo: Bar;`
    /// or
    /// `return `None``
    /// without modifying the parser state.
    fn eat_type(&mut self) -> Option<PResult<'a, (Ident, AliasKind, ast::Generics)>> {
        // This parses the grammar:
        //     Ident ["<"...">"] ["where" ...] ("=" | ":") Ty ";"
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Type) ||
           self.check_keyword(keywords::Existential) &&
                self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Type)) {
            let existential = self.eat_keyword(keywords::Existential);
            assert!(self.eat_keyword(keywords::Type));
            Some(self.parse_existential_or_alias(existential))
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Parses a type alias or existential type.
    fn parse_existential_or_alias(
        &mut self,
        existential: bool,
    ) -> PResult<'a, (Ident, AliasKind, ast::Generics)> {
        let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
        let mut tps = self.parse_generics()?;
        tps.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
        let alias = if existential {
            self.expect(&token::Colon)?;
            let bounds = self.parse_generic_bounds(None)?;
            AliasKind::Existential(bounds)
        } else {
            self.expect(&token::Eq)?;
            let ty = self.parse_ty()?;
            AliasKind::Weak(ty)
        };
        self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
        Ok((ident, alias, tps))
    }

    /// Parses the part of an enum declaration following the `{`.
    fn parse_enum_def(&mut self, _generics: &ast::Generics) -> PResult<'a, EnumDef> {
        let mut variants = Vec::new();
        let mut all_nullary = true;
        let mut any_disr = vec![];
        while self.token != token::CloseDelim(token::Brace) {
            let variant_attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
            let vlo = self.span;

            let struct_def;
            let mut disr_expr = None;
            let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
            if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
                // Parse a struct variant.
                all_nullary = false;
                struct_def = VariantData::Struct(self.parse_record_struct_body()?,
                                                 ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID);
            } else if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren)) {
                all_nullary = false;
                struct_def = VariantData::Tuple(self.parse_tuple_struct_body()?,
                                                ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID);
            } else if self.eat(&token::Eq) {
                disr_expr = Some(AnonConst {
                    id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                    value: self.parse_expr()?,
                });
                if let Some(sp) = disr_expr.as_ref().map(|c| c.value.span) {
                    any_disr.push(sp);
                }
                struct_def = VariantData::Unit(ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID);
            } else {
                struct_def = VariantData::Unit(ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID);
            }

            let vr = ast::Variant_ {
                ident,
                attrs: variant_attrs,
                data: struct_def,
                disr_expr,
            };
            variants.push(respan(vlo.to(self.prev_span), vr));

            if !self.eat(&token::Comma) { break; }
        }
        self.expect(&token::CloseDelim(token::Brace))?;
        if !any_disr.is_empty() && !all_nullary {
            let mut err =self.struct_span_err(
                any_disr.clone(),
                "discriminator values can only be used with a field-less enum",
            );
            for sp in any_disr {
                err.span_label(sp, "only valid in field-less enums");
            }
            err.emit();
        }

        Ok(ast::EnumDef { variants })
    }

    /// Parses an enum declaration.
    fn parse_item_enum(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ItemInfo> {
        let id = self.parse_ident()?;
        let mut generics = self.parse_generics()?;
        generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
        self.expect(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))?;

        let enum_definition = self.parse_enum_def(&generics).map_err(|e| {
            self.recover_stmt();
            self.eat(&token::CloseDelim(token::Brace));
            e
        })?;
        Ok((id, ItemKind::Enum(enum_definition, generics), None))
    }

    /// Parses a string as an ABI spec on an extern type or module. Consumes
    /// the `extern` keyword, if one is found.
    fn parse_opt_abi(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Option<Abi>> {
        match self.token {
            token::Literal(token::Str_(s), suf) | token::Literal(token::StrRaw(s, _), suf) => {
                let sp = self.span;
                self.expect_no_suffix(sp, "ABI spec", suf);
                self.bump();
                match abi::lookup(&s.as_str()) {
                    Some(abi) => Ok(Some(abi)),
                    None => {
                        let prev_span = self.prev_span;
                        let mut err = struct_span_err!(
                            self.sess.span_diagnostic,
                            prev_span,
                            E0703,
                            "invalid ABI: found `{}`",
                            s);
                        err.span_label(prev_span, "invalid ABI");
                        err.help(&format!("valid ABIs: {}", abi::all_names().join(", ")));
                        err.emit();
                        Ok(None)
                    }
                }
            }

            _ => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    fn is_static_global(&mut self) -> bool {
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Static) {
            // Check if this could be a closure
            !self.look_ahead(1, |token| {
                if token.is_keyword(keywords::Move) {
                    return true;
                }
                match *token {
                    token::BinOp(token::Or) | token::OrOr => true,
                    _ => false,
                }
            })
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    fn parse_item_(
        &mut self,
        attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
        macros_allowed: bool,
        attributes_allowed: bool,
    ) -> PResult<'a, Option<P<Item>>> {
        let (ret, tokens) = self.collect_tokens(|this| {
            this.parse_item_implementation(attrs, macros_allowed, attributes_allowed)
        })?;

        // Once we've parsed an item and recorded the tokens we got while
        // parsing we may want to store `tokens` into the item we're about to
        // return. Note, though, that we specifically didn't capture tokens
        // related to outer attributes. The `tokens` field here may later be
        // used with procedural macros to convert this item back into a token
        // stream, but during expansion we may be removing attributes as we go
        // along.
        //
        // If we've got inner attributes then the `tokens` we've got above holds
        // these inner attributes. If an inner attribute is expanded we won't
        // actually remove it from the token stream, so we'll just keep yielding
        // it (bad!). To work around this case for now we just avoid recording
        // `tokens` if we detect any inner attributes. This should help keep
        // expansion correct, but we should fix this bug one day!
        Ok(ret.map(|item| {
            item.map(|mut i| {
                if !i.attrs.iter().any(|attr| attr.style == AttrStyle::Inner) {
                    i.tokens = Some(tokens);
                }
                i
            })
        }))
    }

    /// Parses one of the items allowed by the flags.
    fn parse_item_implementation(
        &mut self,
        attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
        macros_allowed: bool,
        attributes_allowed: bool,
    ) -> PResult<'a, Option<P<Item>>> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtItem, |item| {
            let mut item = item.into_inner();
            let mut attrs = attrs;
            mem::swap(&mut item.attrs, &mut attrs);
            item.attrs.extend(attrs);
            Some(P(item))
        });

        let lo = self.span;

        let visibility = self.parse_visibility(false)?;

        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Use) {
            // USE ITEM
            let item_ = ItemKind::Use(P(self.parse_use_tree()?));
            self.expect(&token::Semi)?;

            let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
            let item = self.mk_item(span, keywords::Invalid.ident(), item_, visibility, attrs);
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }

        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Extern) {
            if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Crate) {
                return Ok(Some(self.parse_item_extern_crate(lo, visibility, attrs)?));
            }

            let opt_abi = self.parse_opt_abi()?;

            if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Fn) {
                // EXTERN FUNCTION ITEM
                let fn_span = self.prev_span;
                let abi = opt_abi.unwrap_or(Abi::C);
                let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                    self.parse_item_fn(Unsafety::Normal,
                                       IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                       respan(fn_span, Constness::NotConst),
                                       abi)?;
                let prev_span = self.prev_span;
                let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                        ident,
                                        item_,
                                        visibility,
                                        maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
                return Ok(Some(item));
            } else if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
                return Ok(Some(self.parse_item_foreign_mod(lo, opt_abi, visibility, attrs)?));
            }

            self.unexpected()?;
        }

        if self.is_static_global() {
            self.bump();
            // STATIC ITEM
            let m = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Mut) {
                Mutability::Mutable
            } else {
                Mutability::Immutable
            };
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) = self.parse_item_const(Some(m))?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Const) {
            let const_span = self.prev_span;
            if self.check_keyword(keywords::Fn)
                || (self.check_keyword(keywords::Unsafe)
                    && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Fn))) {
                // CONST FUNCTION ITEM
                let unsafety = self.parse_unsafety();
                self.bump();
                let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                    self.parse_item_fn(unsafety,
                                       IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                       respan(const_span, Constness::Const),
                                       Abi::Rust)?;
                let prev_span = self.prev_span;
                let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                        ident,
                                        item_,
                                        visibility,
                                        maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
                return Ok(Some(item));
            }

            // CONST ITEM
            if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Mut) {
                let prev_span = self.prev_span;
                let mut err = self.diagnostic()
                    .struct_span_err(prev_span, "const globals cannot be mutable");
                err.span_label(prev_span, "cannot be mutable");
                err.span_suggestion(
                    const_span,
                    "you might want to declare a static instead",
                    "static".to_owned(),
                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
                );
                err.emit();
            }
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) = self.parse_item_const(None)?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }

        // `unsafe async fn` or `async fn`
        if (
            self.check_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) &&
            self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Async))
        ) || (
            self.check_keyword(keywords::Async) &&
            self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Fn))
        )
        {
            // ASYNC FUNCTION ITEM
            let unsafety = self.parse_unsafety();
            self.expect_keyword(keywords::Async)?;
            self.expect_keyword(keywords::Fn)?;
            let fn_span = self.prev_span;
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                self.parse_item_fn(unsafety,
                                   IsAsync::Async {
                                       closure_id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                                       return_impl_trait_id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                                   },
                                   respan(fn_span, Constness::NotConst),
                                   Abi::Rust)?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) &&
            (self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Trait)) ||
            self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Auto)))
        {
            // UNSAFE TRAIT ITEM
            self.bump(); // `unsafe`
            let is_auto = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Trait) {
                IsAuto::No
            } else {
                self.expect_keyword(keywords::Auto)?;
                self.expect_keyword(keywords::Trait)?;
                IsAuto::Yes
            };
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                self.parse_item_trait(is_auto, Unsafety::Unsafe)?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Impl) ||
           self.check_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) &&
                self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Impl)) ||
           self.check_keyword(keywords::Default) &&
                self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Impl)) ||
           self.check_keyword(keywords::Default) &&
                self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Unsafe)) {
            // IMPL ITEM
            let defaultness = self.parse_defaultness();
            let unsafety = self.parse_unsafety();
            self.expect_keyword(keywords::Impl)?;
            let (ident, item, extra_attrs) = self.parse_item_impl(unsafety, defaultness)?;
            let span = lo.to(self.prev_span);
            return Ok(Some(self.mk_item(span, ident, item, visibility,
                                        maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs))));
        }
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Fn) {
            // FUNCTION ITEM
            self.bump();
            let fn_span = self.prev_span;
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                self.parse_item_fn(Unsafety::Normal,
                                   IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                   respan(fn_span, Constness::NotConst),
                                   Abi::Rust)?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Unsafe)
            && self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t != token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
            // UNSAFE FUNCTION ITEM
            self.bump(); // `unsafe`
            // `{` is also expected after `unsafe`, in case of error, include it in the diagnostic
            self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace));
            let abi = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Extern) {
                self.parse_opt_abi()?.unwrap_or(Abi::C)
            } else {
                Abi::Rust
            };
            self.expect_keyword(keywords::Fn)?;
            let fn_span = self.prev_span;
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                self.parse_item_fn(Unsafety::Unsafe,
                                   IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                   respan(fn_span, Constness::NotConst),
                                   abi)?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Mod) {
            // MODULE ITEM
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                self.parse_item_mod(&attrs[..])?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if let Some(type_) = self.eat_type() {
            let (ident, alias, generics) = type_?;
            // TYPE ITEM
            let item_ = match alias {
                AliasKind::Weak(ty) => ItemKind::Ty(ty, generics),
                AliasKind::Existential(bounds) => ItemKind::Existential(bounds, generics),
            };
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    attrs);
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Enum) {
            // ENUM ITEM
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) = self.parse_item_enum()?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Trait)
            || (self.check_keyword(keywords::Auto)
                && self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Trait)))
        {
            let is_auto = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Trait) {
                IsAuto::No
            } else {
                self.expect_keyword(keywords::Auto)?;
                self.expect_keyword(keywords::Trait)?;
                IsAuto::Yes
            };
            // TRAIT ITEM
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                self.parse_item_trait(is_auto, Unsafety::Normal)?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Struct) {
            // STRUCT ITEM
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) = self.parse_item_struct()?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if self.is_union_item() {
            // UNION ITEM
            self.bump();
            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) = self.parse_item_union()?;
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
                                    ident,
                                    item_,
                                    visibility,
                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }
        if let Some(macro_def) = self.eat_macro_def(&attrs, &visibility, lo)? {
            return Ok(Some(macro_def));
        }

        // Verify whether we have encountered a struct or method definition where the user forgot to
        // add the `struct` or `fn` keyword after writing `pub`: `pub S {}`
        if visibility.node.is_pub() &&
            self.check_ident() &&
            self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t != token::Not)
        {
            // Space between `pub` keyword and the identifier
            //
            //     pub   S {}
            //        ^^^ `sp` points here
            let sp = self.prev_span.between(self.span);
            let full_sp = self.prev_span.to(self.span);
            let ident_sp = self.span;
            if self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
                // possible public struct definition where `struct` was forgotten
                let ident = self.parse_ident().unwrap();
                let msg = format!("add `struct` here to parse `{}` as a public struct",
                                  ident);
                let mut err = self.diagnostic()
                    .struct_span_err(sp, "missing `struct` for struct definition");
                err.span_suggestion_short(
                    sp, &msg, " struct ".into(), Applicability::MaybeIncorrect // speculative
                );
                return Err(err);
            } else if self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Paren)) {
                let ident = self.parse_ident().unwrap();
                self.bump();  // `(`
                let kw_name = if let Ok(Some(_)) = self.parse_self_arg() {
                    "method"
                } else {
                    "function"
                };
                self.consume_block(token::Paren);
                let (kw, kw_name, ambiguous) = if self.check(&token::RArrow) {
                    self.eat_to_tokens(&[&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)]);
                    self.bump();  // `{`
                    ("fn", kw_name, false)
                } else if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
                    self.bump();  // `{`
                    ("fn", kw_name, false)
                } else if self.check(&token::Colon) {
                    let kw = "struct";
                    (kw, kw, false)
                } else {
                    ("fn` or `struct", "function or struct", true)
                };
                self.consume_block(token::Brace);

                let msg = format!("missing `{}` for {} definition", kw, kw_name);
                let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(sp, &msg);
                if !ambiguous {
                    let suggestion = format!("add `{}` here to parse `{}` as a public {}",
                                             kw,
                                             ident,
                                             kw_name);
                    err.span_suggestion_short(
                        sp, &suggestion, format!(" {} ", kw), Applicability::MachineApplicable
                    );
                } else {
                    if let Ok(snippet) = self.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(ident_sp) {
                        err.span_suggestion(
                            full_sp,
                            "if you meant to call a macro, try",
                            format!("{}!", snippet),
                            // this is the `ambiguous` conditional branch
                            Applicability::MaybeIncorrect
                        );
                    } else {
                        err.help("if you meant to call a macro, remove the `pub` \
                                  and add a trailing `!` after the identifier");
                    }
                }
                return Err(err);
            } else if self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::Lt) {
                let ident = self.parse_ident().unwrap();
                self.eat_to_tokens(&[&token::Gt]);
                self.bump();  // `>`
                let (kw, kw_name, ambiguous) = if self.eat(&token::OpenDelim(token::Paren)) {
                    if let Ok(Some(_)) = self.parse_self_arg() {
                        ("fn", "method", false)
                    } else {
                        ("fn", "function", false)
                    }
                } else if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) {
                    ("struct", "struct", false)
                } else {
                    ("fn` or `struct", "function or struct", true)
                };
                let msg = format!("missing `{}` for {} definition", kw, kw_name);
                let mut err = self.diagnostic().struct_span_err(sp, &msg);
                if !ambiguous {
                    err.span_suggestion_short(
                        sp,
                        &format!("add `{}` here to parse `{}` as a public {}", kw, ident, kw_name),
                        format!(" {} ", kw),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable,
                    );
                }
                return Err(err);
            }
        }
        self.parse_macro_use_or_failure(attrs, macros_allowed, attributes_allowed, lo, visibility)
    }

    /// Parses a foreign item.
    crate fn parse_foreign_item(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, ForeignItem> {
        maybe_whole!(self, NtForeignItem, |ni| ni);

        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        let lo = self.span;
        let visibility = self.parse_visibility(false)?;

        // FOREIGN STATIC ITEM
        // Treat `const` as `static` for error recovery, but don't add it to expected tokens.
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Static) || self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Const) {
            if self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Const) {
                self.diagnostic()
                    .struct_span_err(self.span, "extern items cannot be `const`")
                    .span_suggestion(
                        self.span,
                        "try using a static value",
                        "static".to_owned(),
                        Applicability::MachineApplicable
                    ).emit();
            }
            self.bump(); // `static` or `const`
            return Ok(self.parse_item_foreign_static(visibility, lo, attrs)?);
        }
        // FOREIGN FUNCTION ITEM
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Fn) {
            return Ok(self.parse_item_foreign_fn(visibility, lo, attrs)?);
        }
        // FOREIGN TYPE ITEM
        if self.check_keyword(keywords::Type) {
            return Ok(self.parse_item_foreign_type(visibility, lo, attrs)?);
        }

        match self.parse_assoc_macro_invoc("extern", Some(&visibility), &mut false)? {
            Some(mac) => {
                Ok(
                    ForeignItem {
                        ident: keywords::Invalid.ident(),
                        span: lo.to(self.prev_span),
                        id: ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                        attrs,
                        vis: visibility,
                        node: ForeignItemKind::Macro(mac),
                    }
                )
            }
            None => {
                if !attrs.is_empty()  {
                    self.expected_item_err(&attrs)?;
                }

                self.unexpected()
            }
        }
    }

    /// This is the fall-through for parsing items.
    fn parse_macro_use_or_failure(
        &mut self,
        attrs: Vec<Attribute> ,
        macros_allowed: bool,
        attributes_allowed: bool,
        lo: Span,
        visibility: Visibility
    ) -> PResult<'a, Option<P<Item>>> {
        if macros_allowed && self.token.is_path_start() {
            // MACRO INVOCATION ITEM

            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            self.complain_if_pub_macro(&visibility.node, prev_span);

            let mac_lo = self.span;

            // item macro.
            let pth = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Mod)?;
            self.expect(&token::Not)?;

            // a 'special' identifier (like what `macro_rules!` uses)
            // is optional. We should eventually unify invoc syntax
            // and remove this.
            let id = if self.token.is_ident() {
                self.parse_ident()?
            } else {
                keywords::Invalid.ident() // no special identifier
            };
            // eat a matched-delimiter token tree:
            let (delim, tts) = self.expect_delimited_token_tree()?;
            if delim != MacDelimiter::Brace {
                if !self.eat(&token::Semi) {
                    self.span_err(self.prev_span,
                                  "macros that expand to items must either \
                                   be surrounded with braces or followed by \
                                   a semicolon");
                }
            }

            let hi = self.prev_span;
            let mac = respan(mac_lo.to(hi), Mac_ { path: pth, tts, delim });
            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(hi), id, ItemKind::Mac(mac), visibility, attrs);
            return Ok(Some(item));
        }

        // FAILURE TO PARSE ITEM
        match visibility.node {
            VisibilityKind::Inherited => {}
            _ => {
                return Err(self.span_fatal(self.prev_span, "unmatched visibility `pub`"));
            }
        }

        if !attributes_allowed && !attrs.is_empty() {
            self.expected_item_err(&attrs)?;
        }
        Ok(None)
    }

    /// Parses a macro invocation inside a `trait`, `impl` or `extern` block.
    fn parse_assoc_macro_invoc(&mut self, item_kind: &str, vis: Option<&Visibility>,
                               at_end: &mut bool) -> PResult<'a, Option<Mac>>
    {
        if self.token.is_path_start() {
            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
            let lo = self.span;
            let pth = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Mod)?;

            if pth.segments.len() == 1 {
                if !self.eat(&token::Not) {
                    return Err(self.missing_assoc_item_kind_err(item_kind, prev_span));
                }
            } else {
                self.expect(&token::Not)?;
            }

            if let Some(vis) = vis {
                self.complain_if_pub_macro(&vis.node, prev_span);
            }

            *at_end = true;

            // eat a matched-delimiter token tree:
            let (delim, tts) = self.expect_delimited_token_tree()?;
            if delim != MacDelimiter::Brace {
                self.expect(&token::Semi)?;
            }

            Ok(Some(respan(lo.to(self.prev_span), Mac_ { path: pth, tts, delim })))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    fn collect_tokens<F, R>(&mut self, f: F) -> PResult<'a, (R, TokenStream)>
        where F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> PResult<'a, R>
    {
        // Record all tokens we parse when parsing this item.
        let mut tokens = Vec::new();
        let prev_collecting = match self.token_cursor.frame.last_token {
            LastToken::Collecting(ref mut list) => {
                Some(mem::replace(list, Vec::new()))
            }
            LastToken::Was(ref mut last) => {
                tokens.extend(last.take());
                None
            }
        };
        self.token_cursor.frame.last_token = LastToken::Collecting(tokens);
        let prev = self.token_cursor.stack.len();
        let ret = f(self);
        let last_token = if self.token_cursor.stack.len() == prev {
            &mut self.token_cursor.frame.last_token
        } else {
            &mut self.token_cursor.stack[prev].last_token
        };

        // Pull out the tokens that we've collected from the call to `f` above.
        let mut collected_tokens = match *last_token {
            LastToken::Collecting(ref mut v) => mem::replace(v, Vec::new()),
            LastToken::Was(_) => panic!("our vector went away?"),
        };

        // If we're not at EOF our current token wasn't actually consumed by
        // `f`, but it'll still be in our list that we pulled out. In that case
        // put it back.
        let extra_token = if self.token != token::Eof {
            collected_tokens.pop()
        } else {
            None
        };

        // If we were previously collecting tokens, then this was a recursive
        // call. In that case we need to record all the tokens we collected in
        // our parent list as well. To do that we push a clone of our stream
        // onto the previous list.
        match prev_collecting {
            Some(mut list) => {
                list.extend(collected_tokens.iter().cloned());
                list.extend(extra_token);
                *last_token = LastToken::Collecting(list);
            }
            None => {
                *last_token = LastToken::Was(extra_token);
            }
        }

        Ok((ret?, TokenStream::new(collected_tokens)))
    }

    pub fn parse_item(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Option<P<Item>>> {
        let attrs = self.parse_outer_attributes()?;
        self.parse_item_(attrs, true, false)
    }

    /// `::{` or `::*`
    fn is_import_coupler(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.check(&token::ModSep) &&
            self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace) ||
                                   *t == token::BinOp(token::Star))
    }

    /// Parses a `UseTree`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// USE_TREE = [`::`] `*` |
    ///            [`::`] `{` USE_TREE_LIST `}` |
    ///            PATH `::` `*` |
    ///            PATH `::` `{` USE_TREE_LIST `}` |
    ///            PATH [`as` IDENT]
    /// ```
    fn parse_use_tree(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, UseTree> {
        let lo = self.span;

        let mut prefix = ast::Path { segments: Vec::new(), span: lo.shrink_to_lo() };
        let kind = if self.check(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace)) ||
                      self.check(&token::BinOp(token::Star)) ||
                      self.is_import_coupler() {
            // `use *;` or `use ::*;` or `use {...};` or `use ::{...};`
            let mod_sep_ctxt = self.span.ctxt();
            if self.eat(&token::ModSep) {
                prefix.segments.push(
                    PathSegment::path_root(lo.shrink_to_lo().with_ctxt(mod_sep_ctxt))
                );
            }

            if self.eat(&token::BinOp(token::Star)) {
                UseTreeKind::Glob
            } else {
                UseTreeKind::Nested(self.parse_use_tree_list()?)
            }
        } else {
            // `use path::*;` or `use path::{...};` or `use path;` or `use path as bar;`
            prefix = self.parse_path(PathStyle::Mod)?;

            if self.eat(&token::ModSep) {
                if self.eat(&token::BinOp(token::Star)) {
                    UseTreeKind::Glob
                } else {
                    UseTreeKind::Nested(self.parse_use_tree_list()?)
                }
            } else {
                UseTreeKind::Simple(self.parse_rename()?, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID)
            }
        };

        Ok(UseTree { prefix, kind, span: lo.to(self.prev_span) })
    }

    /// Parses a `UseTreeKind::Nested(list)`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// USE_TREE_LIST = Ø | (USE_TREE `,`)* USE_TREE [`,`]
    /// ```
    fn parse_use_tree_list(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Vec<(UseTree, ast::NodeId)>> {
        self.parse_unspanned_seq(&token::OpenDelim(token::Brace),
                                 &token::CloseDelim(token::Brace),
                                 SeqSep::trailing_allowed(token::Comma), |this| {
            Ok((this.parse_use_tree()?, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID))
        })
    }

    fn parse_rename(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Option<Ident>> {
        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::As) {
            self.parse_ident_or_underscore().map(Some)
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Parses a source module as a crate. This is the main entry point for the parser.
    pub fn parse_crate_mod(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, Crate> {
        let lo = self.span;
        let krate = Ok(ast::Crate {
            attrs: self.parse_inner_attributes()?,
            module: self.parse_mod_items(&token::Eof, lo)?,
            span: lo.to(self.span),
        });
        emit_unclosed_delims(&self.unclosed_delims, self.diagnostic());
        self.unclosed_delims.clear();
        krate
    }

    pub fn parse_optional_str(&mut self) -> Option<(Symbol, ast::StrStyle, Option<ast::Name>)> {
        let ret = match self.token {
            token::Literal(token::Str_(s), suf) => (s, ast::StrStyle::Cooked, suf),
            token::Literal(token::StrRaw(s, n), suf) => (s, ast::StrStyle::Raw(n), suf),
            _ => return None
        };
        self.bump();
        Some(ret)
    }

    pub fn parse_str(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (Symbol, StrStyle)> {
        match self.parse_optional_str() {
            Some((s, style, suf)) => {
                let sp = self.prev_span;
                self.expect_no_suffix(sp, "string literal", suf);
                Ok((s, style))
            }
            _ => {
                let msg = "expected string literal";
                let mut err = self.fatal(msg);
                err.span_label(self.span, msg);
                Err(err)
            }
        }
    }
}

pub fn emit_unclosed_delims(unclosed_delims: &[UnmatchedBrace], handler: &errors::Handler) {
    for unmatched in unclosed_delims {
        let mut err = handler.struct_span_err(unmatched.found_span, &format!(
            "incorrect close delimiter: `{}`",
            pprust::token_to_string(&token::Token::CloseDelim(unmatched.found_delim)),
        ));
        err.span_label(unmatched.found_span, "incorrect close delimiter");
        if let Some(sp) = unmatched.candidate_span {
            err.span_label(sp, "close delimiter possibly meant for this");
        }
        if let Some(sp) = unmatched.unclosed_span {
            err.span_label(sp, "un-closed delimiter");
        }
        err.emit();
    }
}